The podcast explores the concept of the multiverse, discussing its origins, implications, and portrayal in science fiction. It examines experimental methods supporting the multiverse theory, including recreating bubble formation in a broader multiverse. The potential of creating simulated universes, cyclical universes, and their role in explaining phenomena like fine-tuning and the possibility of direct evidence for other universes is also discussed.
The multiverse theory has various interpretations, including inflation and quantum mechanics, offering explanations for the fine-tuning of our universe and the diversity in physical laws.
String theory and the string landscape propose that our universe is composed of tiny vibrating strings in multiple dimensions, leading to a multiverse with different properties and laws based on vacuum states.
Deep dives
The Concept of a Multiverse: Multiple Universes and the Idea of Alternatives
The concept of a multiverse, consisting of multiple alternative universes, has a long history rooted in the human instinct for multiple possibilities and alternative realities. This idea has found a place in theoretical physics, with various models and interpretations of the multiverse. One popular interpretation is based on inflation, a theory that suggests our universe is just one bubble in a much larger expanding space, with other bubbles containing different physical laws and histories. Another interpretation comes from quantum mechanics, which shows that reality on a quantum scale is uncertain and allows for multiple possible outcomes. This idea has led to the concept of a quantum multiverse, where every quantum measurement creates new universes, each representing a different outcome. While the multiverse theory is not without controversy and has yet to be tested empirically, it offers a compelling explanation for the fine-tuning of our universe and the unusual properties observed in quantum mechanics.
String Theory: Compactified Dimensions and the String Landscape
String theory, a still unproven attempt at a theory of everything, suggests that our universe is ultimately composed of tiny vibrating strings. These strings exist in multiple compactified dimensions, tightly packed together, with each compactification configuration corresponding to a different universe. This gives rise to the string landscape, where there are countless possible vacuum states and configurations of space. This idea provides another avenue for a multiverse, where different universes exist with different properties and laws of physics based on their respective vacuum states. While the string landscape and its multiverse implications remain theoretical and speculative, they offer a way to explain the vast diversity and potential variations of physical laws in the cosmos.
Inflation: Rapid Expansion, Bubble Universes, and Eternal Inflation
The theory of inflation proposes that the universe underwent a rapid expansion shortly after the Big Bang. This expansion was driven by an energy field called a scalar field, and it caused the universe to expand exponentially. According to inflation theory, this expansion may have occurred in some regions, while in others, it continued indefinitely. As a result, bubble universes could have formed, each with its own physical laws and properties. This process, known as eternal inflation, suggests that universes are continually popping out of the expanding space. These bubble universes would be separated by vast distances due to the rapid expansion of space between them. While the idea of bubble universes and eternal inflation has its critics and challenges, it offers an intriguing possibility for the existence of diverse and separate universes.
Quantum Mechanics: The Multiverse Connection and Superposition
Quantum mechanics, the fundamental theory governing the microscopic world, presents its own case for the multiverse. Quantum mechanics shows that particles can exist in superpositions, meaning they can be in multiple states simultaneously. However, upon measurement, only one state is observed. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics suggests that all possible outcomes of measurements occur in different universes, with each universe branching off from the other to accommodate a different outcome. While the Many-Worlds Interpretation is not universally accepted, it offers a way to reconcile the strange behavior of quantum particles and the solid reality we perceive. It suggests that the reality we experience is just one facet of a much larger multiverse where all possible quantum outcomes are realized.
Interest in the multiverse theory, suggesting that our universe is just one of many, has spiked since the movie Everything Everywhere All At Once was released. The film follows Evelyn Wang on her journey to connect with versions of herself in parallel universes to stop the destruction of the multiverse. The multiverse idea has long been an inspiration for science fiction writers. But does it have any basis in science? And if so, is it a concept we could ever test experimentally?
Featuring Andrew Pontzen, professor of Cosmology at University College London, Katie Mack, Hawking chair in cosmology and science communication at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and Sabine Hossenfelder, research fellow of physics at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies.
This episode is presented by Miriam Frankel and produced by Hannah Fisher. Executive producers are Jo Adetunji and Gemma Ware. Social media and platform production by Alice Mason, sound design by Eloise Stevens and music by Neeta Sarl. A transcript is available here. Sign up here for a free daily newsletter from The Conversation.