Karen Armstrong, an expert on faith and the major religions, discusses the history of violence in connection with religion. She challenges misconceptions about jihad and suicide bombing, emphasizing their secular origins. The episode explores the intertwined nature of religion, politics, and warfare. It also delves into the origins of religion and its relationship with violence, highlighting the role of ideologies. The speaker acknowledges the connection between religion and violence but also emphasizes the influence of personal motivations and societal issues.
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Quick takeaways
Religion is often intertwined with politics, used by rulers to assert power, but it can also be a force for social justice.
Violence is not inherent to religion itself; it is influenced by various factors, and religion can inspire teachings that promote peace and justice.
Deep dives
Religion and Politics: A Complex Relationship
Religion and politics have a complex and intertwined relationship. The idea of separating religion and politics is deeply ingrained in our secular consciousness, but this view is not universal across all cultures. In fact, many other languages and cultures do not have a word that corresponds to the English concept of 'religion' as a separate activity. The distinction between religion and politics is a relatively recent development, stemming from the early modern period. Throughout history, religion has been intertwined with politics, with rulers often using religion to assert power and control. However, religion has also been a force for social justice, highlighting inequalities and calling for a more just and equitable society. While religion can be used to justify violence and conflict, it is not the sole cause, as other factors, such as political, economic, and social grievances, often play a role as well. It is important to recognize that religion is just one aspect of a complex web of motivations and influences that contribute to violence and conflict.
The Role of Violence and Religion
Violence is a deeply rooted aspect of human history, and both religious and non-religious ideologies have been used to justify and perpetrate violence. However, it is important to note that violence is not inherent to religion itself. Humans have a natural inclination towards cooperation and solidarity, and violence is actually difficult for most individuals. There is evidence that people often need to be persuaded or overcome inhibitions to engage in violence. While religion can be used as a motivator for violence, it is not the sole cause, and other factors, such as political, economic, and cultural grievances, also contribute. It is crucial to distinguish between good and bad expressions of religion, as religion can inspire ethical and moral teachings that promote peace, justice, and compassion. By recognizing the complex interplay between religion, violence, and other societal factors, we can work towards fostering understanding, empathy, and dialogue in order to build a more peaceful and inclusive world.
Religion and Political Power
The relationship between religion and political power is multifaceted. While some societies with Muslim majorities have established Islamic republics that prioritize the rights of Muslims over non-Muslims, this is not a universally representative view of Islam or religion as a whole. Islam, like other religions, has a wide range of interpretations and practices that vary across different communities and cultures. It is important to not make sweeping generalizations about all Muslim-majority societies. It is true that religious power structures and ideologies can sometimes lead to the suppression or marginalization of minority groups. However, this is not exclusive to religion, as secular nationalist ideologies have also played a role in perpetuating discrimination or violence against minority communities. The key is to promote a separation between religion and political power, allowing for the peaceful coexistence of diverse religious and cultural identities within a society.
The Complexity of Religion and Spirituality
The distinction between religion and spirituality is a complex and subjective matter. While some individuals may identify as spiritual but not religious, it is important to acknowledge the wide variety of beliefs and practices within religious traditions. Religion can provide a framework for individuals to connect with something larger than themselves, fostering a sense of wonder, transcendence, and connection with others. However, like any human institution, religious systems can also be problematic, especially when they become focused on power, control, or exclusion. It is crucial to approach religion and spirituality critically, understanding that both can inspire acts of compassion, but can also become vehicles for violence or prejudice. Ultimately, the key is to embrace an ethos of empathy, tolerance, and respect for all individuals, regardless of their religious or spiritual beliefs.
Karen Armstrong has written over 16 books on faith and the major religions, studying what Islam, Judaism and Christianity have in common, and how our faiths have shaped world history and drive current events. She came to the Intelligence Squared stage to talk about her forthcoming book 'Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence'. Journeying from prehistoric times to the present, she contrasted medieval crusaders and modern-day jihadists with the pacifism of the Buddha and Jesus’ vision of a just and peaceful society. And she demonstrated that the underlying reasons – social, economic, political – for war and violence in our history have often had very little to do with religion. Instead, Armstrong celebrates the religious ideas and movements that have opposed war and aggression and promoted peace and reconciliation. Armstrong was in discussion with journalist and broadcaster Tom Sutcliffe.