James T. White and John Punter, "Condoland: The Planning, Design, and Development of Toronto's CityPlace" (UBC Press, 2023)
Dec 1, 2024
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James T. White, a professor of planning and urban design, explores the complex historical and political dynamics of Toronto's CityPlace development. He and co-author John Punter dive into how the ambitious project aimed to replicate Vancouver's urban model but succumbed to developer interests. They discuss challenges like housing accessibility, the impacts of neoliberalism, and the balance between vibrant public spaces and privatized condominiums. Their insights raise essential questions about the sustainability and future of urban planning in rapidly growing cities.
Condoland explores the extensive transformation of Toronto's City Place from a railway yard to a high-density residential community over forty years.
The podcast highlights the impact of planning by concession, revealing how developers incrementally changed project specifications without adequate public benefit.
A critique of design governance emphasizes the need for stronger oversight and community involvement to enhance urban design quality and vibrancy.
Deep dives
The Evolution of City Place
City Place, located near Lake Ontario in Toronto, transformed from a railway marshalling yard into a thriving residential neighborhood. This redevelopment process began in the 1960s and saw significant back-and-forth negotiations driven by various stakeholders, including landowners and city officials. Originally envisioned as a mixed-use area with affordable housing, the site underwent multiple revisions that ultimately led to a predominantly residential condominium development. The final project not only exceeded its initial projection of 4,000 housing units but also reflected a shift toward higher-density living, significantly affecting the urban landscape.
Vertical Urbanization and Condoism
The concepts of vertical urbanization and condoism have become central to understanding the growth of high-rise developments in Toronto. Vertical urbanization addresses the rise in condominium buildings as a remedy for urban sprawl in city centers, while condoism focuses on the dominance of private condominium developments in the housing market. This shift has contributed to hyper-gentrification, forcing low-income residents away from prime urban areas, and has raised questions about the sustainability and social equity of these developments. The study of these trends highlights the tension between increasing urban density and the provision of affordable housing.
Planning by Concession
The concept of planning by concession describes how developers incrementally gained approvals for increased density in City Place, often without adequate public benefit in return. As each parcel of land was developed, the city tended to accept these requests for additional height and number of units to avoid the risk of appeal by developers who might otherwise push for their interests in court. This resulted in a considerable increase in residential density without commensurate investments in public amenities or affordable housing. The final outcome raised significant concerns about the lack of planning rigor and the need for more robust public benefit agreements in future developments.
The Role of Design Governance
Design governance refers to the regulatory frameworks that guide urban design decisions and ensure quality outcomes in development projects. In the case of City Place, initial plans reflected a robust governance approach; however, as development progressed, the oversight fell short amidst pressures from developers seeking to maximize density and profit. This led to a series of mediocre designs that did not adequately address the public realm or create vibrant community spaces. The need for more stringent design guidelines and public stakeholder involvement became increasingly evident as the shortcomings of earlier phases of the project were recognized.
Impacts on Community and Public Spaces
The evolution of City Place has resulted in both positive and negative impacts on the community and surrounding public spaces. Over time, some areas have developed a lively street scene with trees and independent shops converting former townhouses, contributing positively to urban life. However, the development also faced criticism for placing commercial units in the form of banks that contribute little to street activity, leading to a sterile urban environment. A continued emphasis on adequate public amenities, such as parks and schools, is critical to ensuring City Place evolves into a truly integrated community rather than an isolated enclave.
Casting an eye toward the frantic vertical urbanization of Toronto, Condoland: The Planning, Design, and Development of Toronto’s CityPlace (UBC, 2023) traces the forty-year history of the city’s largest residential megaproject. James T. White and John Punter summarize the tools used to shape Toronto’s built environment and critically explore the underlying political economy of planning and real estate development in the city.
Using detailed field studies, interviews with key actors, archival research, and with nearly two hundred illustrations, White and Punter reveal how a promise to reproduce Vancouverism, a celebrated model of Canadian urban development, unravelled under an alarmingly flexible approach to planning and design that is acquiescent to the demands of a rapacious development industry. Through a uniquely design-focused evaluation of a phenomenon increasingly known as “condo-ism,” Condoland raises key questions about the sustainability and long-term resilience of city planning.
James T. White is a professor of planning and urban design at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and deputy director of the UK Collaborative Centre for Housing Evidence. His published work focuses on how the design of the built environment is shaped by policy, regulation, and the market in both UK and Canadian contexts.
This interview was conducted by Timi Koyejo, a graduate student in urban studies at the University of Vienna. He has worked professionally as a researcher at the University of Chicago and as an urban policy advisor to the City of Chicago.