Economist Robin Hanson and philosopher Agnes Callard delve into cultural evolution, comparing species to human societies, discussing innovation spread, societal norms, legal regulations, diversity preservation, fertility strategies, and the complexities of 'weirdness' in cultural evolution.
Species fragmentation impacts innovation within and between species.
Local cultures enhance innovation spread within but impede cross-cultural exchange.
Globalization balances cooperation and cultural diversity in shaping cultural evolution.
Deep dives
Cultural Variation and Evolution
Cultural variety and selection play a key role in biological evolution. Two kinds of innovations in biology, within and between species, stem from the degree of species fragmentation. Smaller, fragmented species exhibit more innovation within a species but hinder innovation shared between species. This trade-off serves as a key parameter in assessing culture's evolutionary path.
Fragmentation and Innovation
In analyzing history, regions with more fragmented species show higher levels of innovation. Smaller species facilitate unique features but may limit cross-species innovation. Diverse species have the advantage of varied innovations that may not spread across groups easily, leading to a spectrum of cultures with differing characteristics.
Implications in Human Cultural Evolution
Drawing parallels to human cultural evolution, the world once comprised numerous distinct cultures interacting minimally across boundaries. In smaller local cultures, innovations spread more easily within but face barriers crossing cultural lines. Larger cultures tend to stifle within-group innovation, highlighting the interplay between cultural unity and diversity.
Modern Integration and Innovation
The rise of nation-states led to increased cultural integration, fostering innovation across larger populations. Globalization further homogenized cultural norms, enhancing cooperation but potentially limiting cultural diversity. The trade-off between expansive cooperation and preserving cultural distinctiveness poses challenges in promoting varied cultural evolution.
Cultural Tolerance and Innovation
Promoting cultural tolerance and supporting diverse subcultures may enrich innovation and evolution. Embracing distinct cultural norms, even within smaller insular communities, can lead to valuable variation in practices and adaptive strategies. Cultivating tolerance for diverse cultures, including outlier groups like cults, may foster unique paths of cultural evolution.
Imagine two smart curious friendly and basically truth-seeking people, but from very different intellectual traditions. Traditions with different tools, priorities, and ground rules. What would they discuss? Would they talk past each other? Make any progress? Would anyone want to hear them? Economist Robin Hanson and philosopher Agnes Callard decided to find out.