Law School

Constitutional Law Part Five: Equal Protection - Classifications & Scrutiny

Jan 23, 2026
Dive into the fascinating world of the Equal Protection Clause and its historical roots. Explore the different tiers of scrutiny, including strict and intermediate, and understand their implications for discrimination cases. Hear about the tension between anti-classification and anti-subordination in the context of affirmative action. The discussion also highlights modern challenges, such as AI biases and algorithmic decision-making. Finally, consider what the future holds for equal protection amidst evolving legal interpretations.
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ADVICE

Begin With State Action

  • Start every equal protection analysis by checking whether the defendant is a state actor or the federal government.
  • If it’s federal, frame the claim under the Fifth Amendment but apply the same tiers of scrutiny.
INSIGHT

Tiers Drive Outcomes

  • The level of judicial scrutiny determines the government's required justification for a classification.
  • Identifying the correct tier usually predicts the case outcome.
ADVICE

Apply Strict Scrutiny Correctly

  • Apply strict scrutiny to suspect classifications like race, national origin, and burdens on fundamental rights.
  • Require the government to prove a compelling interest and narrow tailoring.
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