The State and the Environmental History of Early China: Interview with Professor Brian Lander
Jan 4, 2024
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Professor Brian Lander, author of The King's Harvest, discusses the environmental history of early China. Topics include the impact of human activities on the natural world, interpreting evidence, views of the natural world in ancient China, correlation between environmental factors and human society outcomes, state power and societal development, treatment of people as disposable commodities, and a recommendation for Professor Lander's book.
Humanity's transition from foragers to urbanites has resulted in significant environmental changes, including the replacement of native flora and fauna with domesticated species.
Studying ancient environmental history in China requires combining various sources like archeology, paleoecology, and textual evidence to understand how humans interacted with their environment.
The power of states to mobilize large populations and enforce economic activities through taxation has led to long-term environmental transformation and centralized control over resources.
Deep dives
Humanity's evolving relationship with the environment
Throughout history, humanity has transitioned from being foragers and hunters to farmers, industrial laborers, and urbanites. This transformation has involved massive changes to the environment, including the replacement of native plants and animals with domesticated ones. China, with its rich history and development of the state, plays a central role in this journey. The state has the power to bring about significant environmental change on a large scale, which is explored by experts in human ecology and the state like Brian Lander at Brown University.
The study of history and environmental history
Brian Lander's interest in the history of China and environmental history was sparked by his observations of the immense population density in Hong Kong compared to the sparsely populated Yukon. Delving into Chinese records, he discovered ancient writings that showed people had been considering human impact on the environment for over 2000 years. This led him to study Canadian environmental history and to ultimately focus on China as a perfect place to study the historical transformation of the environment by humans.
Archeology, paleoecology, and textual evidence
Understanding ancient environmental history requires employing various sources, including archeology, paleoecology, and textual evidence. Texts, while not always directly addressing pertinent issues, provide insights into how people thought about their environments and societies. A combination of scientific methodologies such as paleoecological research, which examines climate change, vegetation change, and other environmental shifts, along with archeological evidence, allows researchers to recreate the complex interactions between humans and the environment over time.
Unraveling the complexity of human-environment interactions
The challenge of disentangling the connection between how ancient Chinese texts interpreted human-environment interactions and the actual archaeological evidence poses a complex task. While textual evidence provides valuable insights, caution is necessary as texts may contain biases, were written long after the events occurred, or may not directly address specific environmental topics. Combining different types of evidence, such as texts, paleoecology, and archeology, helps to reconstruct the multifaceted relationships between humans and their environments throughout history.
The impact of states on the environment
States play a significant role in transforming environments due to their ability to mobilize large populations and enforce economic activities through taxation. The agricultural focus of states allows for the extraction of surplus resources, such as crops, providing a means of maintaining political authority and control over populations. State power and bureaucracy enable centralized control over resources and labor, which leads to long-term environmental and societal changes.
The environment of China has been so thoroughly shaped by human activity that it's difficult to imagine it as a wild landscape, as it was at the end of the last Ice Age. Since then, first agriculture and then the state have altered it, replacing native flora and fauna on an enormous scale. Professor Brian Lander, author of The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First States, joins me to discuss those two linked topics.
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