Why don't people speak up? The Power of Framing (Learning from Accidents Ep.1)
Aug 23, 2024
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The guest, an experienced ship captain involved in the 2012 Costa Concordia disaster, shares insights into the critical dynamics of communication and authority on the bridge. The discussion delves into why competent officers failed to speak up, emphasizing the role of framing in shaping perceptions of the tragedy. The captain critiques existing narratives around psychological safety and explores how hierarchical structures may silence voices. Listeners gain a nuanced appreciation of the complexities of decision-making in high-stakes scenarios and the importance of rethinking our assumptions about risk and safety.
Framing significantly impacts perceptions of events, often leading to misinterpretations like viewing the Costa Concordia disaster as solely a personal failure rather than a systemic issue.
Creating a culture of psychological safety is essential in hierarchical settings, as it encourages individuals to voice concerns without fear of punishment or ridicule.
Deep dives
The Impact of Framing on Perception
Framing shapes how individuals perceive situations and influences their beliefs and decisions. The discussion emphasizes that the way a question is framed often reflects an underlying worldview and can determine the response it elicits. For instance, when examining the Costa Concordia accident, many people framed the issue as one of individual failure, focusing on the captain’s behavior rather than systemic factors at play. Understanding the impact of framing allows for a deeper investigation into human behavior and decision-making, particularly in high-stakes situations.
Psychological Safety and Speaking Up
The concept of psychological safety is crucial for encouraging individuals to voice concerns within hierarchical structures, such as those seen on ships. While many accidents are attributed to a lack of speaking up, the broader context reveals that fear of punishment or humiliation plays a significant role in this silence. The podcast references past incidents, like the Tenerife Air Disaster, illustrating how understanding power dynamics can illuminate why individuals may refrain from questioning authority. Addressing these issues requires recognizing the relational aspects of communication and altering the organizational culture to foster an environment where all voices are heard.
Expertise and the Skill Gradient
The skill gradient refers to the disparity in experience between expert individuals, like a captain, and novices, such as junior officers. This imbalance complicates communication and decision-making in high-risk scenarios, as less experienced crew members may hesitate to speak up due to fears of being incorrect or challenging authority. The podcast highlights how inadequate training and rapid promotions within the maritime industry contribute to this dynamic, leading to potentially dangerous situations. Addressing the skill gradient involves not just improving individual competencies but also fostering effective collaborative relationships between experts and novices.
Cultural Perspectives on Morality and Authority
Different cultural beliefs influence perceptions of authority and morality, which can impact behaviors like speaking up. The podcast discusses how Western societies often prioritize individual autonomy and harm prevention, affecting how individuals are trained to respond in hierarchical situations. In contrast, other cultures may emphasize respect for authority figures, leading to hesitancy in voicing concerns. Recognizing these diverse values can enhance understanding and communication within multi-cultural teams and improve safety initiatives in various organizational contexts.
In January 2012, the Costa Concordia went aground and capsized off the coast of Italy. One of the most disturbing aspects of this accident was that a group of competent officers and an experienced captain on the bridge were not able to detect that the ship was heading straight into the rocks.
In this podcast, I will present the power of framing using the story of the Costa Concordia accident. I interviewed the captain before he was sentenced to prison, and I was surprised by how the captain responded to my open-ended questions during the course of our interview and how it led me to a completely different view of the accident and learning than the one presented in the public domain. I have also recently written a book on this accident – Are We Learning from Accidents?
We will focus on the following questions: 1. Why was the Costa Concordia accident framed as a problem of ‘speaking up’ and the failure of ‘bridge resource management’? 2. What are the parallels between concepts such as ‘psychological safety’, ‘crew resource management’, ‘non-technical skills’ and ‘soft skills’? 3. Why do these concepts appeal so much to the risk and safety industry? 4. What are the alternative frameworks to think about ‘speaking up’? 5. And importantly, why we should never underestimate the power of framing?
This is the first in a series of videos based on my recent book, ‘Are We Learning from Accidents?’. In the next few weeks, I will post more videos on a range of topics including 1) normalisation of risk, 2) collective sensemaking in a crisis, 3) understanding safety culture, 4) the power of scapegoating (blame), 5) what is learning, and 6) how do human beings learn, unlearn, relearn and make decisions.