76: Reconstruction (Part 4): The Battle of Liberty Place and the Mississippi Plan
Oct 26, 2020
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Explore the chaotic end of Reconstruction as the political landscape of Louisiana descends into violence. Witness the bloody Battle of Liberty Place, where the White League clashes with state forces. Delve into the Mississippi Plan's dark tactics aimed at disenfranchising black voters. Discover how the Colfax Massacre marked a brutal turning point. As the 1876 election unfolds, the compromise reshapes the South, surrendering civil rights to Jim Crow. Amidst this turmoil, the resilience of African Americans shines through their quest for equality.
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Quick takeaways
The contested 1872 gubernatorial election in Louisiana exemplified the intense political tensions and violence characteristic of the Reconstruction era.
The Battle of Liberty Place illustrated the struggle for power in New Orleans, with the White League opposing a racially integrated state police force.
The emergence of the Mississippi Plan highlights how Democratic leaders sought to disenfranchise black voters using intimidation and violent tactics.
Deep dives
The Reconstruction Era Tensions
The podcast discusses the intense political tensions and violence during the Reconstruction era in Louisiana, particularly highlighting the events leading up to the disputed gubernatorial election of 1872. In this politically charged atmosphere, ex-Confederates and their allies, feeling threatened by advances made by black citizens and Republicans, resorted to intimidation and violence to reclaim power. The formation of groups like the White League symbolizes these efforts, as they sought to overthrow the state government and restore white supremacy through violent means. The culmination of this unrest is exemplified in the violent clashes that occurred, revealing the deep divisions in Southern society at the time.
The Battle of Liberty Place
The episode elaborates on the Battle of Liberty Place, a confrontation in New Orleans that emerged from the escalating tensions of Reconstruction. Armed citizens, organized by the White League, erected barricades in an attempt to overthrow the Republican governor, William Kellogg, further illustrating the violent struggle for power. General James Longstreet, a former Confederate, led a racially integrated force to confront the White League and restore order, highlighting the complex and often contradictory loyalties of individuals during this era. Despite efforts to defuse the situation, the confrontation quickly escalated into violence, marking yet another tragic chapter in the tumultuous history of Reconstruction.
The Colfax Massacre and Its Aftermath
The narrative also covers the Colfax Massacre, which is described as one of the deadliest events in Reconstruction history, resulting from the ongoing political conflicts in Louisiana. Following the disputed election, armed white militias attacked the courthouse where black residents had gathered, leading to horrific casualties and a brutal execution of black citizens. The massacre not only underscores the extremes of racial violence during this period but also signifies the lengths to which white supremacist groups would go to maintain control. This brutal event serves as both a catalyst for future conflicts and a stark representation of the systemic attempts to quash the rights and freedoms of black citizens in the South.
The Unraveling of Reconstruction in Mississippi
Transitioning to Mississippi, the podcast discusses the rise of similar violent tactics aimed at undermining Republican efforts and black political power during the 1875 elections. The implementation of the Mississippi Plan exemplifies how Democratic leaders sought to restore white dominance through intimidation and fraud, effectively disenfranchising black voters. The violent approach taken by groups such as the White League led to widespread fear and significant loss of life, with estimates of hundreds of black citizens murdered in the escalating violence. This coordinated effort symbolizes the broader trend of backlash against Reconstruction, as white Democrats sought to regain control at all costs.
The End of Reconstruction: Political Compromises and Consequences
The podcast ultimately connects these historical events to the broader decline of Reconstruction, particularly focusing on the 1876 presidential election and the resulting Compromise of 1877. This compromise effectively marked the end of federal intervention in Southern politics, allowing white Democrats to regain power unchallenged. The episode highlights how the withdrawal of federal troops and the lack of support for African American rights facilitated the rise of Jim Crow laws and systemic racism that persisted for generations. It poses critical questions about the legacy of Reconstruction, the sacrifices made by black Americans, and the enduring impacts of this tumultuous period on contemporary society.
Voter fraud and intimidation has made Louisiana’s 1872 Gubernatorial election a mess. So, when a Federal judge and Republican President Ulysses S. Grant uphold the Republican candidate, the stage is set for more partisan and racial violence in the Bayou State. The outcome is Reconstruction’s worst episode of violence and murder (the Colfax Massacre), and a full-on street battle in New Orleans between the paramilitary White League and the racially integrated state and municipal police (the Battle of Liberty Place).
Meanwhile, Democrats have grown sick of what they see as Federal overreach imposing Republican policies to rule over them. Starting in Mississippi, they come up with a new plan to disenfranchise Republicans in order to reestablish “home rule.”
But will the federal government allow this to happen? With Ulyss leaving the White House, the 1876 presidential election’s voter fraud and backroom dealings create a compromise that ensures Republicans retain the presidency, while Democrats regain control of the South. Reconstruction is over. Welcome to the era of Jim Crow.