Matthew H. Sommer, "The Fox Spirit, the Stone Maiden, and Other Transgender Histories from Late Imperial China" (Columbia UP, 2024)
Jul 30, 2024
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Matthew H. Sommer, a historian specializing in late imperial China, discusses his intriguing book on transgender histories. He delves into six court cases that illuminate complex gender identities and societal perceptions in Qing China. Sommer highlights how individuals navigated gender roles against legal frameworks, showcasing the interplay of culture and identity. He also touches on themes of sorcery, fox spirit mediums, and the narrative of gender nonconformity, ultimately revealing rich insights into the historical context of LGBTQ+ experiences in East Asia.
The podcast delves into six Qing China court cases, demonstrating how gender nonconformity was understood and legally challenged during late imperial times.
Matthew Sommer highlights the tension between individual gender identities and societal norms, showcasing the harsh legal repercussions faced by those who deviated from traditional gender roles.
Through the exploration of historical narratives, Sommer draws parallels with other cultures, emphasizing shared experiences of resistance among marginalized gender identities globally.
Deep dives
Exploration of Gender Nonconformity in Qing China
The podcast examines six court cases from Qing China that highlight individuals who deviated from their assigned gender. These cases include cross-dressing individuals, such as a midwife and a spirit medium, who lived as women despite being assigned male at birth. The host, Matthew Sommer, discusses how these variations in gender identity were perceived and interpreted within the cultural and legal framework of the time, emphasizing that such identities were often misunderstood by authorities. By contrasting these historical narratives with modern understandings of gender, Sommer sheds light on the complexities of gender identity in late imperial China.
The Legal System's Response to Gender Nonconformity
The podcast highlights the Qing legal system's harsh treatment of gender nonconforming individuals, often framing them as threats to societal norms. For instance, the cases discussed often involved accusations of fraud or predation, with individuals portrayed as deceitful figures seeking access to women. Sommer notes that this criminalization reflects a broader societal paranoia regarding gender crossing, suggesting that authorities responded with punitive measures out of fear of disruption to the traditional family and moral order. This legal framing reveals the tension between individual identities and prevailing societal norms, showcasing how those who lived outside these norms faced severe repercussions.
Serendipity in Historical Research
Sommer shares how his discovery of these cases happened somewhat serendipitously, emphasizing the unpredictable nature of historical research. While searching for unrelated material, he encountered these remarkable cases of gender nonconformity that ultimately inspired a standalone book. He discusses the concept of serendipity's role in the research process, arguing for the value of exploration beyond predetermined topics. This underscores the importance of remaining open to unexpected discoveries that can shed light on lesser-known historical narratives.
Cultural Context of Gender in Qing Society
The podcast connects the legal cases to the broader cultural context of Qing society, particularly the practices and expectations surrounding gender roles. Sommer discusses the frequent overlap between legal and narrative accounts, illustrating how fiction and folklore informed perceptions of gender nonconformity. He points out that, despite the threat posed by authorities, many individuals who crossed gender boundaries found ways to navigate their identities within their communities. This dynamic triumph of personal agency and cultural acknowledgment adds richness to the historical discourse surrounding gender in Qing China.
Comparative Perspectives on Gender Roles
In exploring the complexities of gender roles, Sommer draws parallels between Qing China and other cultures, discussing how societies have historically dealt with gender nonconformity. He reflects on examples from other cultures, such as the hijra in South Asia or two-spirit individuals in Indigenous cultures, highlighting the universal challenge of categorizing and understanding gender beyond binary definitions. Sommer suggests that while there may be cultural differences, the experiences of marginalized genders reveal common threads of resistance and resilience. This comparative lens enriches the discussion, encouraging a broader understanding of gender fluidity across cultures and time periods.
The Fox Spirit, the Stone Maiden, and Other Transgender Histories from Late Imperial China(Columbia University Press, 2024) is a fascinating study of transgender lives and practices in late imperial China. This book takes as its core subject matter six court cases from Qing China that involve people who moved away from the gender they were assigned at birth. Focusing on this movement, Matthew H. Sommer looks at the transgender paradigms and literary tropes through which gender-transing was understood, ultimately revealing how acts of gender-crossing and gender boundaries were perceived. This book is an effortless blend of social, legal, and cultural history, and it is filled with captivating legal cases involving forgery and impersonation, fox-spirit mediums, midwives, and those living on the margins of late imperial China. This is definitely a must-read for those interested in Chinese history and gender history, as well as any scholars who need inspiration for what can be done with interesting sources that don't quite fit in existing projects.
To find out more about Matthew Sommer’s work, head to his website, or you can listen to his previous appearance on the New Books Network here.