Anu Bradford, "Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology" (Oxford UP, 2023)
Apr 24, 2024
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Anu Bradford, author of 'Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology,' discusses the rivalry among the US, China, and the EU in regulating tech giants. The podcast explores the challenges and successes of European regulations, the global battles in the tech sector, and contrasts between European and American tech regulation strategies. The discussion delves into the nuances of tech regulation, the impact on innovation, and the struggle to balance freedom of expression with combating disinformation.
Three dominant digital powers (US, China, EU) are engaged in a global battle to regulate technology, each with distinct approaches.
The EU faces enforcement challenges in regulating tech giants under its human-centric, rights-driven model.
Deep dives
Models of Digital Governance
The podcast episode discusses three primary models of digital governance: the American market-driven model, the Chinese state-driven model, and the European rights-driven model. The American model emphasizes free speech and minimal government intervention, leaving the governance of technology to tech companies. On the other hand, the Chinese model focuses on state control for technological supremacy and political stability through censorship and surveillance. In contrast, the European model prioritizes human-centric values, protecting individual rights and democratic structures while promoting a more evenly distributed digital economy.
Enforcement Challenges in EU Regulation
The podcast highlights the enforcement challenges faced by the European Union in regulating tech giants under its ambitious legislative framework. While the EU has established impressive regulations around antitrust, data privacy, and content moderation, enforcement remains difficult due to the tech companies' vast resources and multifaceted activities. Balancing free speech concerns further complicates regulation, creating hurdles in effectively curbing the dominance of tech giants like Google. The EU's struggle to enforce regulations points to the need for tangible outcomes and market impact despite significant penalties.
Horizontal and Vertical Battles in Tech Regulation
The episode delves into the concept of horizontal and vertical battles in tech regulation, emphasizing the interplay between governments, tech companies, and global digital supremacy. Horizontal battles, such as the US-China tech war, shape economic, ideological, and geopolitical aspects of digital governance. Additionally, the regulatory battle between the US and the EU highlights concerns over data privacy, market dominance, and regulatory intervention. Vertical battles within each digital empire reflect domestic struggles against tech companies, with the US also preparing for increased regulatory scrutiny despite its market-driven approach.
The global battle among the three dominant digital powers―the United States, China, and the European Union―is intensifying. All three regimes are racing to regulate tech companies, with each advancing a competing vision for the digital economy while attempting to expand its sphere of influence in the digital world. In Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology (Oxford UP, 2023), her provocative follow-up to The Brussels Effect, Anu Bradford explores a rivalry that will shape the world in the decades to come.
Across the globe, people dependent on digital technologies have become increasingly alarmed that their rapid adoption and transformation have ushered in an exceedingly concentrated economy where a few powerful companies control vast economic wealth and political power, undermine data privacy, and widen the gap between economic winners and losers. In response, world leaders are variously embracing the idea of reining in the most dominant tech companies. Bradford examines three competing regulatory approaches―the American market-driven model, the Chinese state-driven model, and the European rights-driven regulatory model―and discusses how governments and tech companies navigate the inevitable conflicts that arise when these regulatory approaches collide in the international domain. Which digital empire will prevail in the contest for global influence remains an open question, yet their contrasting strategies are increasingly clear.
Digital societies are at an inflection point. In the midst of these unfolding regulatory battles, governments, tech companies, and digital citizens are making important choices that will shape the future ethos of the digital society. Digital Empires lays bare the choices we face as societies and individuals, explains the forces that shape those choices, and illuminates the immense stakes involved for everyone who uses digital technologies.
Jake Chanenson is a computer science Ph.D. student and law student at the University of Chicago. Broadly, Jake is interested in topics relating to HCI, privacy, and tech policy. Jake’s work has been published in top venues such as ACM’s CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.