Jonathan W. Hackett, "Theory of Irregular War" (McFarland, 2024)
Apr 7, 2024
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Jonathan W. Hackett, author of 'Theory of Irregular War,' discusses dysfunctional governments, organized violence, and the lack of understanding in irregular wars. Topics include the influence of ideology, diverse actors in conflicts, intrinsic motivations, psychological aspects, contrasting approaches, and the relevance of the Westphalian system in modern warfare.
In irregular wars, intrinsic motivations like belonging and security drive individuals to participate, regardless of ideological differences.
State dysfunction and territorial control issues contribute significantly to irregular wars, leading to conflicts and struggles for authority.
Economic factors heavily influence irregular warfare dynamics, shaping how non-state groups fund operations and initiate conflicts.
Deep dives
The Influence of Intrinsic Motivators in Irregular War Participants
In irregular wars, participants are often motivated by intrinsic factors such as reciprocity, authority, social proof, consistency, commitment, liking, and scarcity. These motivations play a significant role in driving individuals to join groups or engage in conflicts. For example, gangs may offer a sense of belonging, security, and identity that are lacking in their personal lives, leading them to join despite ideological differences.
Sovereign Dysfunction and Irregular War Dynamics
Sovereign dysfunction and challenges in exerting authority over territory play a crucial role in irregular wars. Examples like the Iranian provinces seeking independence in 1946 and the struggle for control in South Sudan demonstrate how sovereign dysfunction and geographic obstacles can lead to conflicts. In instances where the state fails to provide essential services or security, non-state actors may step in to establish alternative social orders and fulfill societal needs.
Economic Aspects of Irregular Warfare
Economic factors play a significant role in irregular warfare, influencing how non-state groups fund their operations and sustain themselves. Groups like ISIS resort to selling oil, gold, and looted items to finance their activities. Economic considerations can also influence the initiation of conflicts, as seen in cases where economic structures or resources lead to tensions and conflicts, steering the course of irregular war dynamics.
Understanding the Tyranny of Size in Irregular Warfare
Irregular warfare often involves smaller forces outsmarting larger conventional forces due to the limitations faced by the smaller group. Examples like the Algerians, Vietnamese, Moroccans, and Malians effectively evading and countering large conventional forces highlight the dynamic of smaller forces relying on agility and innovation to outmaneuver their stronger adversaries.
Significance of Mao Zedong's People's War Strategy
Mao Zedong's People's War strategy, despite its Marxist roots, offers a methodical approach to irregular warfare that emphasizes strategic cycles of growth, strike, and retreat. This strategy, characterized by forward defense tactics aiming to lure and encircle adversaries, has influenced modern warfare, including practices observed in conflicts like the US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq.
From Afghanistan to Angola, Indonesia to Iran, and Colombia to Congo, violent reactions erupt, states collapse, and militaries relentlessly pursue operations doomed to fail. And yet, no useful theory exists to explain this common tragedy. All over the world, people and states clash violently outside their established political systems, as unfulfilled demands of control and productivity bend the modern state to a breaking point.
Jonathan W. Hackett's Theory of Irregular War(McFarland, 2023) lays out how dysfunctional governments disrupt social orders, make territory insecure, and interfere with political-economic institutions. These give rise to a form of organized violence against the state known as irregular war. Research reveals why this frequent phenomenon is so poorly understood among conventional forces in those conflicts and the states who send their children to die in them.
Jonathan W. Hackett is a U.S. Marine with two decades of experience. He has held positions at the Defense Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, and the Marine Corps operating forces prior to teaching full spectrum human intelligence operations and security cooperation in Dam Neck, Virginia.