Alice Evans, a senior lecturer in international development at King's College London and author of "The Great Gender Divergence," dives into the complexities of gender equality. She discusses why equality varies across countries, influenced by cultural and religious norms. Their conversation touches on the societal impacts of declining fertility rates, advocating for gender improvements amidst potential backlash, and the dynamic interplay between economic development and women's rights. Evans emphasizes storytelling's role in fostering empathy and understanding in diverse cultural contexts.
Cultural and religious norms significantly influence the varying levels of gender equality, contributing to disparities in women's workforce participation globally.
Economic transformations have historically enabled women's workforce entry, yet persistent patriarchal values continue to hinder gender equality in certain regions.
Declining fertility rates are influenced by increased female autonomy in relationship choices, shaped by educational attainment and societal pressures for quality parenting.
Deep dives
The Impact of Gender Norms on Employment
Gender equality varies significantly across different regions, influenced heavily by cultural and religious norms. In Europe, women earn about 44% of total labor income, while countries like Sudan and Egypt see much lower participation rates. For example, female employment in the Middle East and North Africa hovers between 20 to 30%, significantly below the global average. This disparity highlights the need to understand how cultural attitudes shape women's roles in the workforce and influence their economic independence.
Cultural Evolution and Gender Equality
Cultural factors play a crucial role in the development of gender equality, as seen through historical transformations over the last century. Initially, many societies were characterized by patriarchal structures, but economic changes, such as the demand for skilled labor, allowed women to enter the workforce. In East Asia, this resulted in increased female participation due to a labor-intensive economic boom. However, despite economic advancements, cultural values surrounding honor and female seclusion continue to hinder gender equality in regions like the Middle East and South Asia.
Rising Relationship Frictions and Fertility Declines
Changes in social dynamics, particularly relationship frictions, contribute significantly to declining fertility rates in various societies. As women gain more autonomy to choose their partners, they may opt for singlehood rather than settling for unsatisfactory relationships. This has been particularly evident in countries with rising educational attainment and women's rights where many now consider dating preferences and relationship compatibility before committing. The increased selectiveness of partners leads to reduced pair formations, impacting overall fertility rates dramatically.
Intensive Parenting and Its Consequences
Intensive parenting has emerged as a predominant feature in many developed societies, placing immense pressure on families to invest heavily in children's education and extracurricular activities. This focus on competitiveness often results in significant emotional and financial costs, discouraging families from having multiple children or any at all. In East Asia, the cultural emphasis on educational achievement drives this phenomenon, leading to alarming plummeting fertility rates as parents struggle to meet these high expectations. This arms race in parenting often leads parents to question the feasibility of expanding their families.
The Role of Technology in Relationship Formation
The rise of technology and instant gratification has reshaped social interactions, making it more challenging for individuals to form meaningful connections. Many young people find themselves absorbed in digital entertainment and social media, leading to less face-to-face interaction and a decline in social skills. This technological shift contributes to an increase in unpartnered individuals, particularly among men, as the online world provides an escape that detracts from pursuing real-life relationships. As a result, the combination of reduced social activities and heightened expectations from partners significantly impacts family formation.
Yascha Mounk and Alice Evans discuss why women have won equality in some countries but remain at the margin in many others.
Alice Evans is a senior lecturer in international development at King's College London and the author of the forthcoming book The Great Gender Divergence.
In this week’s conversation, Yascha Mounk and Alice Evans discussthe influence of cultural and religious norms in promoting or stifling gender equality; how we can advocate for improvements in gender equality while minimizing the risks of backlash; and why fertility has plummeted around the world.