Key Sugars in Breast Milk Support Toddler Gut and Brain Development After the First Year

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex sugars that pass undigested to your baby's colon, where they feed beneficial bacteria, strengthen defenses, and support healthy brain and immune development

A systematic review and meta-analysis in Frontiers in Pediatrics found that breast milk continues supplying substantial amounts of HMOs beyond 12 months, supporting gut health and brain development into toddlerhood

Certain HMOs, such as 3-fucosyllactose, even increase over time. This shows that the balance of individual sugars shifts across lactation and continues shaping your child's development after infancy

Breast milk also contains myo-inositol, a sugar shown to boost synapse formation and neuronal connectivity, highlighting how breast milk delivers brain-supportive compounds beyond traditional nutrients

To keep your breast milk as nourishing as possible for your baby, prioritize whole foods, minimize unnecessary medications, and reduce toxin exposure. If breastfeeding isn't possible, screened donor milk is the next best option