Don’t Panic, but Robert Sapolsky Says There’s No Free Will
Oct 18, 2023
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Robert Sapolsky, a Stanford professor of biology, neurology, and neurosurgery, discusses his new book on life without free will. Topics include the illusion of free will, emergence and consciousness, societal notions of control, motivation and behavior, and the positive effects of social grooming.
Free will is an illusory concept influenced by a variety of factors beyond conscious decision-making.
Embracing the absence of free will can lead to a more humane and just society.
Deep dives
The Absence of Free Will
The podcast explores the concept of free will and the argument that humans do not possess it. The guest, Robert Sapolsky, takes the stance that free will does not exist at all. He explains that the common definition of free will, which is based on intention, understanding consequences, and alternative choices, is flawed. Sapolsky argues that the factors influencing our intentions go far beyond conscious decision-making, including prenatal development, genes, environment, and culture. He further explores why belief in free will often leads to judgments of individual responsibility and the potential harm caused by this belief.
Determinism and Emergence
Sapolsky delves into the determinism and emergence theories and explains how they do not support the existence of free will. Regarding determinism, he emphasizes that though chaotic systems like the brain may seem unpredictable, they are still deterministic. Emergence, on the other hand, demonstrates how complex behaviors and traits can arise from simple individual components. However, Sapolsky argues that emergence does not enable the emergence of free will, as it still requires the component parts to change in ways that cannot be explained by the physical universe. He also briefly touches on the potential role of quantum effects but dismisses them as requiring magic and randomness.
Motivation and Self-Efficacy
The podcast discusses motivation and self-efficacy in the absence of free will. Sapolsky acknowledges the importance of motivation in achieving goals and shaping behavior. He explains that even without the belief in free will, various motivational techniques, such as praise and discipline, can still be effective in influencing behavior. He argues that praising effort rather than innate abilities can be instrumental in fostering self-efficacy. While recognizing the complexities of motivation, Sapolsky highlights the need to separate the instrumental use of motivation from the moral attribution of praise or punishment.
The Prospects of a Society without Free Will
The podcast explores the potential societal implications of accepting the absence of free will. Sapolsky contends that embracing the absence of free will can lead to a more humane and just society. He argues that such a perspective challenges the prevailing narratives of personal responsibility and highlights societal biases and inequalities. Sapolsky asserts that recognizing the lack of free will can liberate individuals from self-blame and societal stigmatization based on factors they have no control over. He suggests that a society that understands the absence of free will can still motivate pro-social behavior through alternative means, such as valuing contribution and promoting empathy.
This week we talk to Robert Sapolsky—MacArthur “Genius” Fellow and professor of biology, neurology, and neurosurgery at Stanford—about his new book Determined: A Science of Life without Free Will.
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