161 - James Owen Weatherall: Nothingness and the Physics of the Void
Nov 1, 2023
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James Owen Weatherall, a physicist, mathematician, and philosopher, discusses nothingness and the physics of the void. The debate between Leibniz and Newton on the nature of space, Einstein's revolutionary theories, and the quantum vacuum state are explored. The episode delves into the relationship between metaphysics and physics, the shift in understanding space and time due to general relativity, and the challenges of unifying quantum field theory and general relativity.
The debate between Newton and Leibniz on the nature of space highlighted differing perspectives on the existence and structure of void and empty space.
Quantum mechanics revolutionized our understanding of the physical world by introducing discrete properties and the non-commutative nature of measurements.
Einstein's theory of relativity challenged Newton's concept of absolute space and led to a reconfiguration of our understanding of space and time.
Deep dives
The Change in Conceptual Framework: Newton and Leibniz's Views on Space
Newton and Leibniz had different views on space and its relationship to matter. Newton believed that space had its own structure and was independent of matter, while Leibniz thought that space was relational and depended on the relationships between bodies. There was no consensus among physicists and philosophers about whose picture was correct at that time.
The Shift to Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics brought about a major shift in our understanding of the physical world. It introduced the idea that properties of matter are not continuous but can take on discrete values. For example, the energy levels of electrons in atoms are discrete and can only change by emitting or absorbing discrete amounts of energy. Additionally, quantum mechanics revealed that the order in which measurements are made can affect the outcomes, and non-commutativity became a fundamental aspect of the theory.
The Jarring Nature of Quantum Mechanics
The shift to a quantum picture of the world was jarring due to the discontinuity of properties and the non-commutative nature of measurements. Matter was no longer seen as having continuous properties, and the mere act of measuring one quantity could affect the outcomes of other measurements. This led to fundamental changes in our conceptual framework and challenged our classical intuition about the physical world.
The Newton-Leibniz Debate on Void and Empty Space
The podcast episode discusses the historical debate between Newton and Leibniz regarding the concept of void and empty space. It emphasizes that this debate was of great significance and continues to be relevant today. Newton believed that even in the absence of physical objects, empty space exists as a structured stage, although it lacks substance. Leibniz, on the other hand, argued that if there were no things, there would be no space. He believed that God would have filled every possible location with something. Overall, the episode highlights the complexities and different perspectives within this debate and the implications for our understanding of space and physics.
The Shift from Newton's Absolute Space to Einstein's Relativity
The podcast explores the transition from Newton's absolute space to Einstein's theory of relativity and its impact on our understanding of space and time. Newtonian physics relied on the concept of absolute rest and the luminiferous ether as a standard of rest. However, over time, it became clear that these notions were not observable and posed problems in electromagnetism. Einstein's theory sought to reconcile these issues and reconfigure our understanding of space and time. Special relativity introduced the relativity of length, duration, and angles based on different states of motion. Later, general relativity proposed that gravity is not a force, but a manifestation of the curvature of space and time, challenging Newton's concept of absolute space. These advancements in physics revolutionized our conception of space and time, paving the way for new insights and theories.
James Owen Weatherall is Professor of Logic and the Philosophy of Science and Department Chair at the University of California, Irvine, where he is also a member of the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Science, the Center for Cosmology, and the Jack W. Peltason Center for the Study of Democracy. Jim is a physicist, mathematician, and philosopher, and works broadly on the mathematical and conceptual foundations of classical and quantum field theories, as well as the philosophy of science more generally, though he has plenty of other interests, such as model building in finance. In this episode, Robinson and Jim discuss nothingness and the physics of the void, beginning with the debate between Leibniz and Newton on the nature of space, moving through the revolution ushered in by Einstein’s special and general relativity, and ending with the quantum vacuum state.
Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University. Join him in conversations with philosophers, scientists, weightlifters, artists, and everyone in-between.
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