Philosopher and author Roger Scruton discusses human nature, highlighting the limitations of a purely scientific account. He explores the biological explanations for our emotional response to music and the paradoxical relationship between scientific and humanistic approaches. Scruton also explores the concept of the self and the importance of recognizing the other as a self.
Scientific explanations cannot fully capture the essence of art and music in human existence.
There is a tension between scientific explanations and a more humanistic understanding of human nature based on lived experience and interpersonal dialogue.
Deep dives
Human nature as part of the natural world
Human nature is considered to be part of the animal and plant world, as we are natural objects existing within a network of causal laws. However, there are aspects of human existence, such as art and music, that cannot be fully explained by scientific accounts. For example, a piece of music can be described in terms of vibrations and physical interactions with the nervous system, but this does not capture its essence as a form of art. There is a distinction between scientific explanations of the physical world and our understanding and appreciation of it as humans.
Levels of description and the importance of concepts
Different levels of description exist, as exemplified by a portrait that can be described as an assembly of colored dots without mentioning the face it depicts. Similarly, a scientific explanation of music may describe the physical properties of sounds and their effects on the nervous system, but this does not capture the experiential qualities of the music. Concepts, such as freedom and responsibility, are fundamental to our daily lives and interpersonal relationships but have no place in a purely scientific theory. These concepts allow us to understand and make distinctions that go beyond scientific explanations.
The tension between scientific and humanistic perspectives
There is a tension between scientific explanations of human beings rooted in biology, evolutionary theory, and neuroscience, and a more humanistic understanding based on lived experience and interpersonal dialogue. This tension is characterized by the different levels of explanation and the recognition of the first-person point of view in human relationships. While science provides valuable insights, it cannot fully capture the richness and complexity of human nature, morality, and ethical considerations. The emphasis on neuroscientific explanations alone can be dangerous if it dismisses the importance of the humanistic perspective and reduces human beings to mere objects to be manipulated.
Are human beings fundamentally different from the rest of the animal world? Can what we essentially are be captured in a biological or evolutionary description? Roger Scruton discusses the nature of human nature with Nigel Warburton in this episode of the Philosophy Bites podcast.
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