In this podcast, the hosts discuss the release of Go 1.21, focusing on the addition of generics to the standard library. They also talk about automated optimization, backward compatibility, and new code generation. There is a discussion on the potential of incorporating WebAssembly in Go's backend. Other topics include minor changes in Go related to the flag package, the merits and drawbacks of XML and YAML, and upcoming features in Go 1.21.
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Quick takeaways
The Go 1.21 release introduces Profile Guided Optimization (PGO), which allows for better performance optimization of binaries.
Go 1.21 introduces changes to how loop variables are handled, addressing the well-known closure bug.
When working with YAML, it is crucial to pay attention to proper quoting and formatting to avoid unexpected issues and bugs.
Deep dives
XML vs YAML: The Case for XML
XML is often considered better than YAML because it is more appropriate for certain use cases. XML, as an extensible markup language, excels when it comes to representing structured and annotated documents, such as books or documents with various formatting and styling requirements. It is not suitable for simple configurations or settings. XML's reputation suffered due to misuse and attempting to use it for tasks that should be handled with other formats. However, JSX in React shows that there are situations where inline XML is advantageous. On the other hand, YAML is generally seen as inferior since it tends to cause issues and has better alternatives like TOML or JSON (used by Caddy). YAML's quirks, such as interpreting version numbers like go 1.20 as go 1.2, can lead to unexpected bugs and frustrations. It is advisable to explore other formats that offer more reliability and consistency.
Better Choices than YAML
YAML, although commonly used, has known issues and drawbacks. Other formats like TOML or JSON offer better alternatives. TOML, as developed by Rob Pike, is highly recommended and allows for clean and readable configurations. JSON is also a viable choice and is the central language in tools like Caddy, where it serves as a standard serializing format. Projects, like Caddy, often provide adapters to convert configurations from various formats like YAML or engine x configs to the preferred language (e.g., JSON) for consistency and simplicity. These alternatives are more reliable and less error-prone, making them preferable over YAML in most situations.
Focus on Quoting and Formatting with YAML
When working with YAML, it is crucial to pay attention to proper quoting and formatting. Errors occur when values are not correctly quoted or when indentation using tabs and spaces is inconsistent. These formatting quirks can lead to unexpected issues and bugs. To avoid problems, it is necessary to be diligent in quoting and ensure consistent indentation. However, these extra precautions and complexities make YAML a less desirable choice compared to other formats that offer simpler and more straightforward syntax.
Profile Guided Optimization (PGO)
The Go 1.21 release introduces Profile Guided Optimization (PGO), which allows for better performance optimization of binaries. With PGO, the binary is built and then run in production for a period of time to gather data on hot paths and potential optimizations. This data is then used in a second compilation step to generate a better-optimized binary. This approach has shown performance improvements of around 10%. While setting up PGO can be a bit tricky, especially in complex environments, the long-term benefits in terms of resource utilization and performance make it a worthwhile feature to explore.
Improvements to Loop Variables
Go 1.21 introduces changes to how loop variables are handled, addressing the well-known closure bug. In previous versions of Go, loop variables would only be created once per loop iteration, causing issues with closures and pointer references. However, with the new update, loop variables are declared anew on each iteration, fixing such bugs. While this change is not the default in Go 1.21, it is available as an experimental feature by setting the go experiment variable to 'loop var'. This change provides developers with a more robust and intuitive loop variable behavior, ensuring that closures and pointer references within loops work as expected.
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