In this episode of History 102, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg delve into critical historical moments and patterns, focusing on the Spanish Empire's unique and often overlooked role in shaping the modern world. This episode challenges common historical narratives by examining Spain's extractive policies, and the consequences of its colonization efforts, including the impact on indigenous populations and the development of an extractive culture that contrasts with other Western societies' developmental paths.

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This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We’re launching new shows every week, and we’re looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co.

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@whatifalthist (Rudyard)

@eriktorenberg (Erik)

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TIMESTAMPS:

(00:00) Intro

(02:30) Exploring the Roots of Global Inequality

(03:56) The Formation of the Spanish Empire: From Medieval Europe to Columbus

(09:13) Columbus' Dark Legacy and the Consequences of Conquest

(12:14) The Spanish Inquisition: Reality vs. Myth

(15:46) Sponsor: Beehiiv | Turpentine | Babbel

(24:09) Extractive Systems and Their Impact

(33:11) The Conquest of the Aztecs

(35:12) The Aztec Empire: Conquest and Sacrifice

(36:02) Cortes and the Fall of the Aztecs

(38:37) Population Collapse and Cultural Impact

(39:24) The Inca Empire: Swift Expansion and Spanish Conquest

(41:17) Exploring the Spanish Empire: Governance and Social Structure

(45:16) The Decline of the Spanish Empire: Economic Mismanagement and Independence Movements

(1:01:23) Final Thoughts and Recommendations

(1:02:03) Wrap

Recommended Books:

• Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond
• Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 by John H. Elliott
• The Story of the Americas by Leland DeWitt Baldwin
• A History of Latin America by Hurbert Herring
• Forgotten Continent: A History of the New Latin America by Michael Reid