"What is life?" - asks Chris Kempes, a professor at the Santa Fe Institute.
Chris explains that scientists are moving beyond a purely Earth-based, biological view and are searching for a universal theory of life that could apply to anything, anywhere in the universe. He proposes that things we don't normally consider "alive"—like human culture, language, or even artificial intelligence; could be seen as life forms existing on different "substrates".
To understand this, Chris presents a fascinating three-level framework:
- Materials: The physical stuff life is made of. He argues this could be incredibly diverse across the universe, and we shouldn't expect alien life to share our biochemistry.
- Constraints: The universal laws of physics (like gravity or diffusion) that all life must obey, regardless of what it's made of. This is where different life forms start to look more similar.
- Principles: At the highest level are abstract principles like evolution and learning. Chris suggests these computational or "optimization" rules are what truly define a living system.
A key idea is "convergence" – using the example of the eye. It's such a complex organ that you'd think it evolved only once. However, eyes evolved many separate times across different species. This is because the physics of light provides a clear "target", and evolution found similar solutions to the problem of seeing, even with different starting materials.
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Prof. Chris Kempes:
https://www.santafe.edu/people/profile/chris-kempes
TRANSCRIPT:
https://app.rescript.info/public/share/Y2cI1i0nX_-iuZitvlguHvaVLQTwPX1Y_E1EHxV0i9I
TOC:
00:00:00 - Introduction to Chris Kempes and the Santa Fe Institute
00:02:28 - The Three Cultures of Science
00:05:08 - What Makes a Good Scientific Theory?
00:06:50 - The Universal Theory of Life
00:09:40 - The Role of Material in Life
00:12:50 - A Hierarchy for Understanding Life
00:13:55 - How Life Diversifies and Converges
00:17:53 - Adaptive Processes and Defining Life
00:19:28 - Functionalism, Memes, and Phylogenies
00:22:58 - Convergence at Multiple Levels
00:25:45 - The Possibility of Simulating Life
00:28:16 - Intelligence, Parasitism, and Spectrums of Life
00:32:39 - Phase Changes in Evolution
00:36:16 - The Separation of Matter and Logic
00:37:21 - Assembly Theory and Quantifying Complexity
REFS:
Developing a predictive science of the biosphere requires the integration of scientific cultures [Kempes et al]
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2209196121
Seeing with an extra sense (“Dangerous prediction”) [Rob Phillips]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224009035
The Multiple Paths to Multiple Life [Christopher P. Kempes & David C. Krakauer]
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-021-10016-2
The Information Theory of Individuality [David Krakauer et al]
https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2447
Minds, Brains and Programs [Searle]
https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/searle.minds.brains.programs.bbs.1980.pdf
The error threshold
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168170204003843
Assembly theory and its relationship with computational complexity [Kempes et al]
https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12176
Machine Learning Street Talk (MLST) 
