Expert from Vermont Institute of Natural Science and Bird Diva discuss bird flight. Topics include how birds fly, purposes of flight, techniques to generate lift, flying abilities of different birds, why penguins can't fly, adaptations for swimming, why ostriches and emus can't fly, and whether birds have fun flying.
Birds evolved flight by leaping and gliding, and later using feathers to climb and glide like squirrels.
Birds' wing structures, feathers, and hollow bones enable them to generate lift, soar, and perform specialized movements.
Deep dives
How birds started to fly
Birds started flying by leaping and gliding as they ran along the ground, similar to how turkeys fly today. Another theory suggests that birds used wings and feathers to climb steep slopes or tree trunks and evolved into flying. Some theories propose that birds used feathers and wing structures to glide from tree to tree like flying squirrels. Feathers, initially evolved for warmth, became essential in the evolution of flight. Feathers and specialized wing structures allow birds to fly in cool ways.
The mechanics of bird flight
Bird wings are shaped like an airfoil, a curved surface that generates lift. Wings have strong and flexible feathers attached to hollow quills, and birds also have hollow bones to keep their bodies light. By flapping wings, birds create thrust by moving air around them. The air traveling over the rounded wing generates lift due to reduced pressure on top of the wing. Birds can soar using updrafts and thermals to minimize energy consumption. Some birds, like hummingbirds, have specialized wing movements that allow them to hover, fly backward, and reach high speeds.
The V-shaped flight of geese and flightless birds
Geese fly in V-shaped formations to conserve energy. The shape allows them to draft off each other, reducing wind resistance and providing an updraft. Flightless birds, like penguins and ostriches, lost their ability to fly due to changes in bone and muscle structure. Penguins, for example, evolved wings into flippers to excel in swimming rather than flying. These birds have adapted to specific environments and lifestyles, such as diving for food instead of flying long distances.
Why do birds fly? How do raptors soar? Why do some birds fly in the shape of a V? Why can’t some birds, like penguins, emus and ostriches fly? Why do hummingbirds fly so fast? We answer all of your questions about birds and flight with help from Anna Morris of the Vermont Institute of Natural Science and Bridget Butler, the Bird Diva. And we get a preview of our new education series But Why: Adventures! Northeast Nature. Educators: learn more about But Why: Adventures! Northeast Nature and sign up for free access to the series!