Persistent Pastoralism: Monuments and Settlements in the Archaeology of Dhofar
Dec 7, 2024
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Joy McCorriston, an archaeologist and professor at Ohio State University, dives into the rich history of pastoralism in the Dhofar region. She discusses how ancient pastoralists built monuments over 7,500 years, serving as gathering sites and cultural markers. The conversation highlights the resilience of pastoralist lifestyles amid agricultural development, the significance of burial practices, and the communal ties fostered through pilgrimage. McCorriston sheds light on the relationship between land ownership and social structures in ancient Arabian societies.
The ecological diversity of Dhofar, shaped by its unique climate, has significantly influenced the pastoralist lifestyle over millennia.
Ritualistic gatherings among pastoralists served as crucial social structures for maintaining community ties and resource exchange in ancient societies.
Deep dives
Geography and Climate of Southern Oman
The region of Dofar in southern Oman possesses unique geographical and climatic characteristics that contribute to its ecological diversity. This area features a summer monsoon phenomenon that generates a dense fog, leading to a rich cloud forest, unlike the arid conditions seen in much of the Arabian Peninsula. The elevation and proximity to the Yemeni border enable a microclimate that supports endemic plant species, making it ideal for pastoral grazing. Understanding this geography is critical for contextualizing the long-standing practices of pastoralism and habitation in the Dofar region.
Persistent Pastoralism and Agricultural Alternatives
Despite the potential for agriculture in Dofar, pastoralism has remained a dominant way of life for its inhabitants for thousands of years. Archaeological findings indicate that while agriculture became feasible around 5000 years ago, the local pastoralists did not adopt these practices even when evidence of agricultural trade was present nearby. Instead, the region's herders demonstrated an enduring commitment to their pastoralist lifestyle, suggesting a complex relationship with their environment that prioritized mobility and animal husbandry over farming. This resilience raises questions about the cultural and social frameworks that supported such a sustainable way of living.
Ceremonies and Social Connectivity in Pastoral Practices
Archaeological evidence alludes to the existence of ritualistic gatherings among pastoralists, which served as crucial social structures for maintaining connections and exchanging resources. These practices included ceremonies such as sacrifices and feasting, which fostered community ties and shared knowledge among nomadic groups about resource locations and reproductive partnerships. The study highlights periodic gatherings as formative events that strengthened social bonds and reinforced communal identities within the pastoralist lifestyle. The enduring nature of these practices suggests that even in ancient times, social networks were essential for survival and cohesion among mobile communities.
Implications for Tribe and Territorial Dynamics
The analysis of burial sites and monuments in Dofar provides insights into the socio-political structures of early pastoralist societies, raising questions about territorial control and kinship. While monuments and burial practices indicate a degree of social organization, there is little evidence to suggest concepts of land ownership resembling modern territorial claims. Instead, these sites functioned as communal hubs that facilitated social interaction, trade, and the dissemination of cultural identity. This understanding challenges the conventional narrative of political organization in nomadic societies, suggesting that cooperation and communal resources may have been prioritized over territorial conflicts.
In the Dhofar region of southern Oman, pastoralists have constructed monuments in discrete pulses over the past 7,500 years. From small-scale stone burial markers to platforms to settlements, these constructions could have been used as sites of gathering, landmarks, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals. Dr. Joy McCorriston’s archaeological teamwork in the region investigates how mobile pastoralists used monuments to link dispersed households into broader social communities.
Over a broad swath of history from the Middle Neolithic ca. 5000 BC to the turn of the common era, their research tracks shifts in pastoralist lifestyles, social identities, and patterns of resource access and use, through pastoralists’ monuments. Despite and against these shifts, archaeological excavations show that pastoralism persisted in Dhofar even as agriculture developed. In this episode, Joy joins me to share the findings from her research in Dhofar and her insights into pastoralist monument-building and practices of mobility around monuments in ancient southern Oman.