Webb Keane, "Animals, Robots, Gods: Adventures in the Moral Imagination" (Princeton UP, 2025)
Mar 3, 2025
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Webb Keane, a distinguished anthropology professor at the University of Michigan and author of "Animals, Robots, Gods," explores the intersection of technology and morality. He provocatively argues that our current dilemmas about AI and robotics echo ancient tensions between humans and non-humans, such as spirits. Keane examines how cultural practices shape our ethical frameworks and the implications for personhood and autonomy. The discussion delves into human-animal relationships and the emotional ties developed with technology, ultimately challenging our understanding of moral agency.
Webb Keane highlights how modern technology evokes longstanding ethical questions about human relationships with non-human entities, emphasizing continuity in moral engagement.
Keane critiques contemporary discourse on morality, arguing for a deeper exploration of ethics as they arise from everyday social interactions rather than abstract ideals.
Deep dives
The Influence of Background on Anthropological Perspectives
Webb Keane's background in New York City during the 1960s and 70s plays a significant role in shaping his anthropological perspective. Growing up in a culturally diverse environment allowed him to appreciate the richness of human interaction and the variety of cultural expressions. This urban context fostered his interest in how individuals relate to one another through interaction rather than viewing people as solely individualistic entities. Experiences with the intense social dynamics of his surroundings also contributed to his understanding of ethical life and how people grapple with existential questions.
Intersection of Ethics and Everyday Life
Keane's work emphasizes the importance of understanding ethics as an ordinary part of daily interactions rather than an abstract concept. His research illustrates how moral beliefs arise from social interactions, reflecting the complexities of human relationships. He critiques the lack of thorough examination of moral intuitions often espoused in contemporary progressive politics, arguing that deeper reflection on ethics is necessary for meaningful discourse. By situating ethics within the context of social practices, Keane provides a more concrete understanding of morality.
The Relationship Between Humans and Non-Humans
Keane explores how humans engage with non-human entities, including animals and artificial intelligence. He argues that interactions with these entities often mirror relationships previously established with other humans, challenging the perception that technology represents a completely new frontier. His analysis of the treatment of robot dogs in Japan, which includes rituals akin to those for deceased pets, underscores the continuity of moral engagement across different types of beings. By examining how people project moral significance onto new technologies, Keane highlights the long-standing human tendency to form ethical relationships with both living and inanimate entities.
Redefining Moral Understanding in the Age of AI
In discussing artificial intelligence, Keane emphasizes how emerging technologies evoke similar social projections and moral considerations as previous non-human interactions. He notes that the authoritative nature of AI responses often encourages users to attribute sentience or higher moral standing to these technologies, reflecting anxieties about their implications. By situating AI within the broader historical context of human interactions with non-humans, he highlights the anthropological significance of these developments. This perspective invites deeper questioning of how AI influences personal morality and societal norms.
Revolutions in technology are fundamentally transforming what it means to be human. Or are they? As Webb Keane points out, before humans consulted ChatGPT, they propitiated oracles. Before they fell in love with robot boyfriends, they ventured into the forest to marry nature spirits.
In his new book Animals, Robots, Gods: Adventures in the Moral Imagination(Princeton UP, 2025) Keane combines anthropology and philosophy to show us what is new and what is not in our current technological moment. Using a broad comparative perspective he shows us how shamans, hunters, priests, and doctors have long responded to the existential questions which drive our current technological obsessions: Where is the line between human and non-human? How do humans find meaning in our interactions with non-humans? By widening our intellectual imagination, Keane shows us how many of our current intellectual dilemmas about technology are not new -- and are far more deep than enduring than we might have previously suspected.
Webb Keane is the George Herbert Mead Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Michigan.
Alex Golub is an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa