Explore how Napoleon effectively exercised his will over half a continent and the structure of the French government under his rule. Learn about the Council of State, the creation of the departmental system, and Napoleon's work ethic. Discover the overlooked figure of Jean-Jacques-Rigid de Cambassarez and the perverse incentive for Napoleon to continue fighting.
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Quick takeaways
The Napoleonic government operated under a strong central authority, with power concentrated in the hands of the Emperor.
The Council of State played a crucial role in proposing legislation and administering the bureaucracy, ensuring comprehensive knowledge for effective governance.
Napoleon's intense work ethic, meticulous attention to detail, and ability to stay focused contributed to his success in managing the vast empire he ruled.
Deep dives
Napoleon's Autocratic Rule
Under Napoleon's rule, he exercised almost complete control over the French government, dominating the executive branch and ruling without serious checks or balances. The legislature was mostly toothless, as Napoleon preferred to rely on his own judgment. The Council of State, similar to a cabinet, played a significant role in proposing legislation, but Napoleon had the final say in signing it into law. The Napoleonic government operated under a strong central authority, with power concentrated in the hands of the Emperor.
The Structure of the French Government
The French government under Napoleon maintained a constitutional monarchy appearance, with a legislature elected by universal male suffrage. However, the legislature's power was limited, and Bonaparte worked to sideline it as much as possible. The Council of State, presided over by Napoleon, played a crucial role in proposing legislation and administering the bureaucracy. The Council of State comprised individuals with expertise in various fields, ensuring comprehensive knowledge for effective governance.
Prefects and Local Government
Local government in Napoleonic France was structured around departments, replacing the old feudal provinces. Each department had a prefect, the most powerful official, appointed by Napoleon. Prefects had considerable authority within their respective departments, acting as representatives of the imperial government to maintain order, collect taxes, and settle local disputes. This top-down system allowed Napoleon's centralized control to extend even to the lowest levels of local government.
Napoleon's Work Habits
Napoleon was known for his intense work ethic and meticulous attention to detail. He often spent long hours working in his office, reading reports, dictating correspondence, and drafting orders. His personal secretary would wake him up early, and he would start the day by reading newspapers and receiving reports. Napoleon's dedication to work and ability to stay focused, even during late-night sessions, contributed to his success in managing the vast empire he ruled.
Collaboration with Arch-Chancellor Cambacérès
Arch-Chancellor Jean-Jacques-Rigida de Cambacérès was Napoleon's trusted political partner. Despite their contrasting personalities, Cambacérès played a crucial role in reigning in Napoleon's temper and offering thoughtful advice. He was a highly experienced lawyer and a cautious politician, well-respected for his legal expertise. Cambacérès ensured that the government ran smoothly and effectively, also acting as an intermediary between Napoleon and other officials. Although underrated, Cambacérès was an indispensable figure in the success of the Napoleonic government.
By 1809, Napoleon had ruled France for a decade. How did the Napoleonic regime actually function? How could one person effectively exercise his will over half a continent?
