In a captivating discussion, historian Sean McMeekin from Bard College sheds light on the intricate history of communism, drawing from his book, *To Overthrow the World*. He delves into the surprising connections between Christianity and Marxism, exploring their shared themes of social equality. The conversation critiques the authoritarian tendencies of Marxist vanguards and their parallels to revolutionary leaders like Robespierre. Additionally, McMeekin contrasts the tensions between communism and anarchism during the Russian Revolution, highlighting the violent struggles for power.
The podcast illustrates how communism's roots can be linked to Christian doctrines promoting social equality and communal welfare.
It highlights the dangers of totalizing ideologies attracting authoritarian figures, leading to oppression under the guise of revolutionary purpose.
Deep dives
The Historical Roots of Communism
Communism's ideological foundation is traced back through various historical contexts, emphasizing influences from ancient and medieval thought. The episode discusses how concepts of social equality and material renunciation are deeply embedded in Christian doctrine, which denounces the accumulation of wealth and promotes communal welfare. Even though communism is often viewed as an atheistic philosophy that opposes Christianity, parallels can be drawn between the two in their visions for a more equitable society. This connection raises questions about the ideological lineage of communism, suggesting that it can be seen as a radical reinterpretation of Christian principles rather than a complete rejection.
Marxism and Eschatological Beliefs
A significant point made in the discussion revolves around the linear and progressive view of history embodied in Marxism, contrasting it with historical notions of cyclical time. While many cultures traditionally perceived history as a series of cycles, Marxism introduces a belief in a definitive progression toward a utopian society, characterized by class struggle and the eventual overthrow of capitalism. This perspective not only aligns with Christian eschatology, involving ideas of final judgment and societal improvement, but also suggests a sort of moral momentum in human history. Such a framework invites a deeper understanding of Marx’s motivations and how they resonated with those seeking social change.
Authoritarian Tendencies within Totalitarian Ideologies
The episode explores how totalizing ideologies, like communism, often attract individuals with authoritarian tendencies, leading to oppressive regimes and societal violence. This relationship is exemplified by the historical figures of Lenin, Robespierre, and Mao, whose self-appointed roles as revolutionary leaders allowed them to enact significant harm while framing it as a noble mission. The conversation highlights how these leaders rationalize their actions as necessary to fulfill a divine or historical purpose, further complicating the moral discourse surrounding their ideologies. Ultimately, this dynamic raises concerns about the dangers of militant ideologies that empower individuals to justify atrocities in the name of ideological purity.
Jonathan Kay speaks with Bard College historian Sean McMeekin about his new book, To Overthrow the World: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Communism. To listen to the full episode, please become a Quillette subscriber https://quillette.com/#/portal/signup