How to Change the World: The History & Future of Innovation

Thinking in Primitives: A mental model to dissect the foundations of Civilization, Humanity & Creativity

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Oct 31, 2025
Discover the invisible building blocks of creativity that have shaped civilization, from the 26 letters that connect Shakespeare to modern texting. Explore Jeff Bezos's vision of standardized APIs that transformed Amazon and unleashed innovation. Delve into how fundamental elements like mitochondria and Hox genes empower life itself, while systems like writing and money forged empires. Learn about the impact of standardization on trade and the exciting possibilities of CRISPR and space logistics. Uncover how these primitives can spark future breakthroughs!
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ANECDOTE

Lasagna Shopping Reveals Hidden Histories

  • Sam shops for lasagna ingredients and riffs about eggs, salt and spinach to show how mundane items connect to vast histories.
  • The grocery visit becomes a playful example of how simple things hide deep stories and primitives.
INSIGHT

APIs Turn Internal Tools Into Economy

  • Jeff Bezos required teams to expose reusable tools via APIs to stop duplication and accelerate innovation.
  • That discipline spawned AWS and collapsed the cost and time to launch tech businesses.
INSIGHT

Biology Reuses Lego‑Like Primitives

  • Complex life is assembled from a small set of chemical and genetic primitives reused across species.
  • Evolution copies reliable parts like mitochondria and Hox genes to build new organisms efficiently.
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