Exploring the complexities of superventricular tachycardia (SVT) including AVRT and AVNRT, understanding symptoms, triggers, and initial assessment methods. Detailed guide on diagnosing SVT with emphasis on rhythm differentiation and diagnostic tests. Strategies for managing SVT such as synchronized cardioversion, vagal maneuvers, medication options, and insights from the Revert trial on a modified balsalva maneuver.
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Quick takeaways
Understanding AVRT and AVNRT pathways in SVT helps in identification and management.
Patient history and physical exams are crucial for identifying triggers and managing SVT.
Deep dives
The Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
The heart's electrical conduction system, including the SA node, AV node, and bundle of His, regulates the heart's contractions. Disruptions in this system can lead to superventricular tachycardia, causing abnormal heart rhythms due to extra electrical pathways. AVRT involves accessory pathways bypassing the AV node, while AVNRT utilizes re-entry circuits within the AV node. Understanding these mechanisms helps identify and manage superventricular tachycardias.
Symptoms and Triggers of Superventricular Tachycardias
Patients with SVT may experience symptoms like dizziness, chest tightness, or palpitations. Triggers for SVTs can include smoking, caffeine, alcohol, withdrawal from substances, thyroid disease, and physiologic stressors. SVTs, while common in infants and women, are usually not life-threatening but can disrupt blood flow. Assessing patient history and conducting physical exams are crucial in identifying and managing SVT.
Treatment Approaches for Superventricular Tachycardias
In cases of hemodynamic compromise, synchronized cardioversion or adenosine may be needed for rapid arrhythmia termination. Hemodynamically stable patients can undergo vagal maneuvers like holding breath or carotid sinus massage. Intravenous adenosine, diltiazem, or beta blockers are pharmacologic treatment options. Catheter ablation may be considered for persistent SVT, providing long-term management for abnormal heart rhythms.
In this episode, we review the approach to SVT with a focus on AVRT and AVNRT. We discuss the common clinical manifestations, etiology, investigations and management, with a special medicine minute on the REVERT trial.
Written by: Dr. Chris Olesovsky (Internal Medicine Resident) Reviewed by: Dr. Sean Balmain (Cardiology) and Dr. Pete Wu (General Internal Medicine) Sound Editing by: Nafis Hossain (Internal Medicine Resident) Infographic by: Alison Lai