Le présent : toujours perdu ? 2/4 : Hegel: "Seul le présent est frais, tout le reste est terne"

In 'Phénoménologie de l'esprit', Hegel presents a comprehensive system of philosophy that examines the stages of consciousness from sense-certainty to absolute knowing. The work is divided into several sections, including Consciousness, Self-Consciousness, Reason, Spirit, Religion, and Absolute Knowing. Hegel argues that consciousness evolves through a dialectical process, where each stage is a response to the limitations of the previous one. He discusses the master-slave dialectic, the role of reason and self-consciousness, and the concept of Spirit as a collective ethical consciousness. The book culminates in the idea of absolute knowing, where the subject-object division is reconciled, and the individual achieves a unified and self-realized collective consciousness.

In 'La République,' Plato, through the character of Socrates, addresses two central questions: 'what is justice? ' and 'is the just person happier than the unjust person? ' The dialogue constructs a just city in speech to examine these questions, discussing the origins of political life, the virtues of the city (wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice), and the analogy between the city and the individual soul. The work is a comprehensive exploration of ethical and political philosophy, focusing on the ideal state and the just life.