Exploring the untold story of the 1898 Wilmington massacre and coup, the rise of white supremacy in North Carolina, voter suppression tactics used by white supremacists, and the history and denial of white supremacy in America.
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Quick takeaways
Wilmington, North Carolina, in the late 19th century stood out as a thriving multi-racial democracy with a larger black population than white, showcasing a different narrative from prevalent racist history.
The white supremacy campaign orchestrated by the Democratic Party in North Carolina during the 1898 election aimed to regain power by stoking fears of black political influence, suppressing black and Republican votes through intimidation, manipulation, and violence, culminating in a violent massacre and coup in Wilmington.
Deep dives
Wilmington as a Prosperous and Diverse City
In the late 19th century, Wilmington, North Carolina, stood out as a thriving multi-racial democracy. The city had a larger black population than white and boasted a vibrant community where black people held positions of power. Black residents prospered with higher rates of home ownership, wages, and education levels compared to the rest of North Carolina. They owned businesses, worked as professionals, and held leadership positions in various sectors. Wilmington presented a different narrative from the prevalent stereotypes and racist history of the time.
Democratic Party's White Supremacy Campaign
Leading up to the 1898 statewide election, the Democratic Party in North Carolina orchestrated a white supremacy campaign to regain power. Party leaders, including Fernafold Simmons and Josephus Daniels, propagated fear and outrage about black political influence, using racist rhetoric in their campaign materials and speeches. They tapped into the existing prejudices of the time and appealed to lower-income white voters by stoking their fears and making them feel included and important in the white supremacy movement. The campaign aimed to suppress black and Republican votes through intimidation, voter roll manipulations, and physical violence.
The Violent Massacre in Wilmington
In November 1898, the white supremacy campaign in Wilmington culminated in a violent massacre and coup targeting the black community's economic and political success. The Democratic Party, along with vigilante organization the Redshirts, coordinated efforts to ensure the white Democratic Party candidates received every vote. African Americans who dared to vote for Republican candidates risked their safety and livelihood. The coup was not a well-kept secret, as even journalists from Chicago traveled to Wilmington to witness the election being stolen. The stage was set for the tragic events that would unfold, forever altering the course of Wilmington's history.
By 1898, two decades after the end of Reconstruction, white elites, backed by violent terror groups, have installed Jim Crow across most of the South. North Carolina, led by its largest city, Wilmington, is different. A Fusion coalition, made up of mostly-Black Republicans and mostly-White members of the Populist Party, controls the city and state governments. White supremacist Democrats are frustrated and plot to gain power by any means necessary.
By Michael A. Betts, II, and John Biewen. Interviews with LeRae Umfleet, David Cecelski, and Cedric Harrison. The series story editor is Loretta Williams. Music in this episode by Kieran Haile, Blue Dot Sessions, Okaya, Jameson Nathan Jones, and Lucas Biewen. Art by Zaire McPhearson. “Echoes of a Coup” is an initiative of America’s Hallowed Ground, a project of the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University.
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