Stroke Alert June 2021
On Episode 5 of the Stroke Alert Podcast, host Dr. Negar Asdaghi highlights two articles from the June 2021 issue of Stroke: "Preexisting Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Receipt of Treatments for Acute Ischemic Stroke” and “Body Mass Index in 1.9 Million Adolescents and Stroke in Young Adulthood.” She also interviews Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran, from the University of Chicago, about his article "Predictors of Early Infarct Recurrence in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease."
Dr. Negar Asdaghi:
1) Do people with mild cognitive impairment receive the same quality of stroke care as their cognitively normal counterparts?
2) Is there a causative relationship between the alarming rise in adolescent obesity and the rise in the incidence of stroke under the age of 50?
3) What are the independent predictors of radiographic recurrence in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease?
These are the topics that we will cover in today's podcast. You're listening to the Stroke Alert Podcast. Stay with us.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: From the Editorial Board of Stroke, welcome to the Stroke Alert Podcast. My name is Negar Asdaghi. I'm an Associate Professor of Neurology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and your host for the monthly Stroke Alert Podcast. For the June 2021 issue of Stroke, we have a range of publications that cover a variety of topics from activation of neuroinflammatory pathways and intracerebral hemorrhage to predictors of outcome in patients with mild and rapidly improving ischemic stroke, which I encourage you to review, in addition to our podcast. Later in today's podcast, I have the privilege of interviewing Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran from University of Chicago on his work with various radiographic biomarkers as predictors of outcome in patients with symptomatic intercranial atherosclerotic disease. But first, with these two papers.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: In the United States, one in five adults over the age of 65 have mild cognitive impairment, and one in seven have a formal diagnosis of dementia. With our aging population, these numbers are estimated to triple by year 2050. Prior studies suggest that patients with dementia are less likely to receive evidence-based stroke care as compared to those with normal cognition. Less is known about the quality of stroke care amongst patients with mild cognitive impairment. In their paper titled "Preexisting Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Receipt of Treatments for Acute Ischemic Stroke," Dr. Deborah Levine from Departments of Neurology and Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan and colleagues studied the quality of care in acute ischemic stroke patients with mild cognitive impairment, or MCI, and preexisting dementia as compared to patients with normal cognition.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: This was a cross-sectional analysis of prospectively obtained data on adults with acute ischemic stroke included in the Brain Attack Surveillance in the Corpus Christi project from 2008 to 2013. Primary outcome of the study is a composite quality measure of defect-free care calculated by dividing the number of treatments that a patient received by the number of treatments they were eligible to receive. Defect-free care was defined as receipt of seven stroke performance measures when eligible, and included administration of IV tPA, use of antithrombotic therapy by end of hospital day two, administration of DVT prophylaxis, assessment for rehabilitation, discharge on antithrombotic therapy, discharge on lipid-lowering therapy, and discharge on anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Amongst 836 adults included in this study with a median age of 65, 58%, that's over half of the patients in this study, had some degree of cognitive impairment prior to their presenting stroke. 44% of patients with preexisting dementia received defect-free care as compared to 55% with either normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. The difference, they did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for the sex, vascular comorbidities, and BMI in multivariate analysis. However, preexisting MCI remain an independent factor to be negatively associated with receipt of IV tPA echocardiogram and assessment for rehabilitation. Similarly, after adjusting for all confounders, preexisting dementia remained negatively associated with receipt of antithrombotic therapy by day two, lipid-lowering therapy at discharge, and receiving an echocardiogram. The authors highlighted their findings as a call to action to improve the overall delivery of stroke care and measures to all stroke patients, and caution that disparities noted in their study might contribute to differences in post-stroke outcomes, such as functional disability and recurrent stroke in the growing population of patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Having a stroke at a young age has profound personal, societal, and economic implications. For the young stroke survivors, a long life expectancy after stroke, and the cost of long-term care pose huge challenges to healthcare systems, which are different than that encountered in the elderly stroke population. Over the past two decades, the incidence of ischemic stroke has substantially increased in the young, with adults under the age of 50 now comprising 10% of all ischemic stroke cases. This comes in parallel with the continuous rise in the prevalence of adolescent obesity in many Western countries, but the association between the two remains unclear. In the current issue of the journal, Dr. Aya Bardugo from the Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, in Jerusalem, and colleagues studied the association of adolescent body mass index, or BMI, with first stroke event in young adults as part of a nationwide population-based study of 1.9 million adolescents, followed for a cumulative 9.48 million person-years. BMI values were categorized in five groups of underweight, low-normal, high-normal, overweight, and obese.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: So, what they found was that the incident rate of any stroke and ischemic stroke increased gradually across the five BMI categories. Importantly, the hazard ratio for ischemic stroke became significant, even in the high-normal BMI group at 1.4, and increased to 2 for the overweight and 3.5 in the obese category. Though a similar increase in the rate of hemorrhagic stroke was noted, there was no significant association between BMI and hemorrhagic stroke in the study. Not surprisingly, many vascular risk factors, including high blood pressure and diabetes, were also elevated in the higher category BMI adolescents. However, alarmingly, these trends remain significant even after adjustment for age, sex, sociodemographic factors, and when the data was limited to otherwise healthy adolescents, those without diabetes and those without high blood pressure. Overall, the authors found that overweight and obese adolescents had approximately two- to threefold increased hazard for ischemic stroke that could present prior to the age of 30 irrespective of sex, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: The authors detailed various mechanisms in which increased adolescent BMI may lead to stroke in the young, including progressive risk of large vessel intra and extracranial atherosclerotic disease, increased cardiovascular disease, and a shift to young onset heart failure and atrial fibrillation, as well as a strong association with being high BMI in children and adolescents, and that of obesity in adults. These findings are important observations as we face a growing epidemic of childhood and youth obesity worldwide with the potential to increase the future burden of stroke in young adults.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease, or ICAD, is an important cause of ischemic stroke worldwide. In addition to neurological deficits caused by index event, patients with ICAD remain at high risk for development of recurrent ischemic events. The risk of clinical recurrence is estimated to be between 12% to 20% at one year based on prior studies, despite best medical management. But recent studies have shown that up to 25% of patients with symptomatic ICAD have evidence of radiographic recurrence on follow-up MRI imaging.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Who will remain stable and who will have more events with symptomatic ICAD is a common question that practicing clinicians struggle with in routine practice. The Mechanisms of Early Recurrence in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease, or the MYRIAD study, aimed to get us closer to that answer. Joining me now is Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran, Professor of Neurology and Chair of the Department of Neurology at the University of Chicago, who was one of the principal investigators of the MYRIAD study and the first author of the paper in the current issue of the journal titled "Predictors of Early Infarct Recurrence in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease." Good afternoon, Shyam. Thank you for joining us.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Thank you, and good afternoon to you.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Thank you. Shyam, can you please start by telling us how MYRIAD's design was different from prior studies of symptomatic ICAD? And what were the main objectives of the study?
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Sure, so MYRIAD was conceived as a study to really unravel and study the mechanisms of recurrent stroke after symptomatic ICAD presentation. Prior studies, I think, have really helped in many ways, obviously to understand the natural history of the disease, including through clinical trials, where we learned about the different interventions that could be applied, medical and endovascular, through WASID and then SAMMPRIS. However, both of those studies, which provided probably the bulk of information about the disease in multi-center study, did not really focus on mechanisms, per se, understanding it through biomarkers, understanding whether certain subsets of patients have higher or lower risk of recurrence. So, MYRIAD was conceived to try to tackle that particular aspect of research that we felt was understudied.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Yes, thank you. Traditionally, as you mentioned, the location and the degree of stenosis have been considered as important radiographic factors to predict outcomes in symptomatic ICAD. MYRIAD looked at many more imaging biomarkers than just degree of stenosis and the location. Can you please elaborate on those radiographic biomarkers that were included in MYRIAD?
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Yeah. So, again, MYRIAD wanted to explore these imaging biomarkers, and we split them into three categories. One was biomarker of antegrade flow. What would help us understand the amount or volume of flow through a particular diseased artery? And we used quantitative MRA for that, which is a technique that's been around a long time, a phase contrast MR approach, to get vessel-specific flow measurements. And aim two thought of the distal flow beyond the stenosis and aimed to look at two types of imaging biomarkers that might answer the question of flow in the distal territory, one through perfusion imaging. So looking at CT or MR perfusion, but MR was the one that we selected, where we would measure the tissue flow through Tmax measurements, and then the other using TCD, transcranial Doppler, and vasomotor reactivity testing of the distal arterials. So that was aim two. Can we look at those biomarkers potentially as predictors of recurrence? And then the third was emboli detection, so the plaque vulnerability or instability biomarker. So, could we look at distal emboli in the territory and assess its role in predicting recurrence? So, those were really the main biomarkers tied to the objectives of the grant.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Perfect. So, obviously, great, and a comprehensive various biomarkers looking at different imaging predictors of early recurrence. We're excited to hear about your primary results. So, what did your study find?
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: So, in MYRIAD, we enrolled 105 subjects who had symptomatic intercranial stenosis at 10 centers across the US. And we were able to track them for both the primary outcome, which was stroke in the territory of the stenosis, clinical stroke at one year, and the secondary outcome, which was radiographic occurrence of new infarcts on six- to eight-week MRI. So that was a prespecified outcome. In the primary analysis of the clinical outcome, we did find a fairly high rate of recurrent events. Roughly 10% of patients in the cohort had a recurrent clinical event at one year, consistent with findings from, say, SAMMPRIS, which with maximum medical or aggressive medical management found a roughly 12% recurrence. So, we were able to confirm that there is a high rate of clinical recurrence. However, none of the biomarkers that we were looking at, quantitative MRA, profusion imaging, transcranial Doppler for BMR or emboli detection were predictors of the clinical outcome at one year. So, that was our main results.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Our secondary outcome was recurrent infarcts on study-specific research MRIs performed at the sites, and looked for recurrences compared to baseline MRIs that were performed at the time of their index stroke or TIA. So, in this paper, we were really interested in looking at whether there were any specific predictors of recurrent radiographic infarct, and that really was an interest of ours because we did find such a high rate of radiographic recurrence. Roughly 24% of our cohort had a recurrent infarct on brain imaging at six to eight weeks. So, we recognized right away that this is potentially an unrecognized phenomenon, that there's potentially an excess of radiographic events to clinical events. And there could be, obviously, a potential consequence of this radiographic accumulation of disease. Particularly, it might be important to prevent those radiographic occurrences in the future if they are affecting an individual's performance on cognition or even physical function as a result of accumulating lesions. So, we were really interested in seeing whether there were some early predictors of this six- to eight-week recurrence that we saw at a high rate. So, the paper looked at clinical factors, as well as imaging factors, that were available in the MYRIAD cohort, really trying to delve into a model that we could use to identify a subset that is at the highest risk of these early recurrent infarcts.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Right, so very, very important findings. So, just to reiterate for our listeners, one in four patients in your study had evidence of radiographic recurrence despite clinically seemingly having no clinical events. So, this clinical radiographic dissociation would have absolutely gone unnoticed had it not been for these early MR images that were performed in the study. So, I want to clarify this from a pathophysiological standpoint. Is it hypoperfusion, plaque rupture, or both? Based on your results, what is the driving factor in development of new ischemia in symptomatic ICAD?
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: So, one of our main findings here, which is reported in this paper, is that those with multiple infarcts at their index stroke, so a pattern on diffusion-weighted imaging that was more than a singular infarct lesion, was a strong, independent predictor of having a recurrent event, recurrent infarct at six to eight weeks. And the part that isn't really highlighted in the paper, but is true, is the other factor that was co-mingled with multi-lesion, multi-infarct and index was borderzone pattern. They were co-linear, and they were essentially the same patients who were borderzone also had multiple lesions. So, one way we've interpreted this, and I can speak to a little bit about the different biomarkers that were studied in addition to the infarct pattern, but one way we've interpreted this is that multi-lesions can probably fall under two subsets.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: It could either be in this borderzone pattern, where you have multiple lesions due to hypoperfusion mechanisms, typically within either cortical or internal borderzones. And that may be then telling us about a mechanism of low flow. On the other hand, some of these patients could also have scattered lesions that are embolic in etiology and suggest a plaque that was unstable and potentially showered at their index event, resulting in that pattern that we saw. So, both of them probably are mixed in. We're favoring the borderzone because they were so co-linear that that probably was the more likely mechanism. And we're probably concerned that that could also be a factor that leads to early recurrence because flow failure typically is associated with critical hypoperfusion and imminent recurrence.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: But, interestingly, in the paper, we talk about this, none of the specific prespecified biomarkers that were looking at flow, perfusion imaging, vasomotor reactivity were significant by themselves as predictors of recurrent infarct. So, it's a little hard for us to know why. It could be that the technology that we use, perfusion imaging, is still not quite picking up the kind of flow failure that we need to. Maybe it's more subtle than even we found because we looked at different cut points of Tmax and other parameters on perfusion imaging, and yet, we're not able to find a cutoff that was predictive, likewise with vasomotor reactivity. So, it could be that those are not quite good enough surrogates of hypoperfusion. And yet, borderzone or multi-infarct patterns may have been a surrogate of hypoperfusion. So, I think the short answer here is that it could be both mechanisms, plaque instability and hypoperfusion, although we're maybe favoring hypoperfusion because there was a strong co-linearity with borderzone pattern.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Understood. Now Shyam, recurrent events on maximum medical therapy, this is not what we like to hear. Where do you see the future of symptomatic ICAD therapy? Now in your view, is there a role for interventional treatment or other therapies in a select group of ICAD patients?
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: I think that's really where we still face real challenges. I think the work done by many of the investigators before us on maximum medical therapy and interventional therapies have found, obviously, that there are some benefits to the medical approaches that we now consider standard of care. The dual antiplatelet therapy, the lipid-lowering therapy, the lifestyle management that SAMMPRIS also implemented and successfully showed some benefits of physical activity. So, those things clearly matter. And yet, the clinical event rate is still very high, and the radiographic event rate is even higher. So, you have this real challenge facing clinicians and patients of a disease that has a very high rate of recurrence, much higher than the other subtypes of ischemic stroke, and certainly higher than, say, AFib patients even, where we sometimes obviously are concerned and adopt strategies to lower risk. So, we are in a position, I think, today where we have to go back to the well and think about novel strategies.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Now, flow is a component of this, and I do think that SAMMPRIS, albeit now almost a decade ago, tested an interventional approach. It may be worth revisiting interventional strategies. Of course, we know from endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke, try once and fail, and try again, and you might find a different result because technologies get better, practitioners, proceduralists get better. So, that's one angle that I think people are very interested in, is whether or not an interventional approach for flow failure patients is a path forward. And that, I think, will get a lot of attention in the years to come with new studies that are being designed.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: I think the other important point here is that aggressive medical management in the current day and age may still have room for improvement. Maybe the drugs that we're using, especially with DAPT and lipid-lowering therapies, they're not as quick or necessarily universally responsive for every patient. So, we know that about clopidogrel, that there's a certain rate of non-responders. We could probably do better than that with other choices, antiplatelet choices or even anticoagulant choices, which are being considered. And we know that lipid-lowering therapy with statins works well, but perhaps PCSK9 drugs could be considered in this population to lower cholesterol levels even more rapidly and more aggressively. So, all of these, I think, should be on the table as we move forward.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran, thank you for joining us on the podcast today. We look forward to having you back here and covering more of your work in the future.
Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Thank you for having me.
Dr. Negar Asdaghi: Thank you. And this concludes our podcast for the June 2021 issue of Stroke. Please be sure to check out the June table of contents for the full list of publications, including an important update from the American Stroke Association and the Stroke Council on how cerebrovascular disease is expected to temporarily fall from the fifth to the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in 2020. Sadly, this is not because of advances in stroke prevention and therapies, but rather because mortality from COVID-19 will displace stroke as a leading cause of death, a grim reminder of the year we put behind us and the many lives lost to this global pandemic. And yet we look ahead with hope, and with the promise that science has the power to resolve and the ability to push the human race forward. Every small step, every question will get us closer to learning more, answering more and knowing more. So, as we end this podcast today, we look forward to asking more at our next, and our promise to stay alert with Stroke Alert. This program is copyright of the American Heart Association, 2021. The opinions expressed by speakers in this podcast are their own and not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association. For more, visit AHAjournals.org.