Risa Cromer, "Conceiving Christian America: Embryo Adoption and Reproductive Politics" (NYU Press, 2023)
Oct 9, 2024
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Risa Cromer, an associate professor of anthropology at Purdue University, explores the fascinating world of embryo adoption in her groundbreaking work. She reveals how a group of evangelical Christians established the first embryo adoption program, aiming to 'save' frozen embryos and reshape reproductive politics. Cromer discusses the intertwining of this practice with conservative ideologies and personal narratives, shedding light on the emotional and ethical complexities involved. Her ethnographic insights challenge conventional views and provoke thought on the future of reproductive rights.
Embryo adoption, originating from a 1997 initiative, seeks to redefine embryos as rights-bearing entities within the context of reproductive politics.
The practice serves conservative Christian agendas by framing embryos as individuals needing protection, thereby shifting discussions around reproductive rights.
Anthropological research highlights the complexities of relationships formed in embryo adoption, revealing tensions and emotional sensitivities among donors and recipients.
Deep dives
Overview of Embryo Adoption
Embryo adoption is a form of third-party assisted reproduction where unused embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) are offered to prospective parents for gestation and parenting. This practice emerged in the late 20th century, primarily among white evangelical Christians, who aimed to recognize embryos as rights-bearing entities similar to adopted children. The first program, Snowflakes Embryo Adoption Program, was established in 1997 and provides a legal framework for the transfer of embryos, sparking ongoing political debates around personhood and reproductive rights. Although embryo adoption represents a small percentage of IVF outcomes, it has garnered significant attention and has become a strategic site in the culture wars surrounding reproductive healthcare.
Political Implications of Embryo Adoption
The practice of embryo adoption has significant political ramifications, particularly in advancing conservative Christian objectives in the United States. It serves as a platform for advocating anti-abortion policies by framing embryos as individual rights-holders that warrant protection. This notion reconfigures the discourse around reproductive rights to include embryos, allowing anti-abortion advocates to expand their influence beyond the abortion clinic into realms like assisted reproduction. As a result, embryo adoption has taken on outsized importance in recent political contexts, especially in post-Dobbs discussions about women's reproductive rights.
Anthropological Insights Into Reproductive Politics
Anthropology offers a unique lens through which to understand the complexities of reproductive politics, especially in the context of embryo adoption. The anthropological approach focuses on understanding the social relationships, power dynamics, and cultural narratives that shape practices like embryo adoption. Through ethnographic research, insights reveal that participants in these programs are often motivated by deep personal beliefs, yet the institutional frameworks can obscure the complexities of individual experiences. This approach can illuminate how people navigate their roles as both embryos' saviors and recipients, often complicating the simplistic narratives presented by political dialogues.
The Role of Saviorism in Reproductive Politics
Saviorism serves as a powerful rhetorical strategy in the discourse surrounding embryo adoption, positioning embryos as 'savable' subjects while casting certain individuals as their saviors. This narrative creates a sense of urgency and crisis, reinforcing traditional gender roles and responsibilities in which women are expected to nurture and bring forth life. However, the application of savior rhetoric can be problematic, as it generates conflicts between donors and recipients who may feel misunderstood or misrepresented. Ethnographic anecdotes illustrate how embryo saviorism complicates relationships among parties involved, highlighting the emotional sensitivities that arise when viewing embryos merely as objects needing rescue.
Navigating Matching Processes in Embryo Adoption
The matching process in embryo adoption involves not only administrative compatibility but also intricate socio-cultural dynamics between donors and recipients. Staff at embryo adoption programs play a critical role in facilitating these matches, utilizing guidelines that reflect both client preferences and broader ideological beliefs. Factors influencing matches include religious identities, family compositions, and personal experiences with infertility, all of which contribute to a complex landscape of 'fit.' Furthermore, the dynamics of race and sexuality can also complicate matching practices, reinforcing heteronormative structures and limiting inclusivity in an already niche form of reproductive assistance.
In 1997, a group of white pro-life evangelical Christians in the United States created the nation’s first embryo adoption program to “save” the thousands of frozen human embryos remaining from assisted reproduction procedures, which they contend are unborn children. While a small part of US fertility services, embryo adoption has played an outsized role in conservative politics, from high-profile battles over public investment in human embryonic stem cell research to the overturning of Roe v. Wade. Based on six years of ethnographic research with embryo adoption staff and participants, Dr. Risa Cromer uncovers how embryo adoption advances ambitious political goals for expanding the influence of conservative Christian values and power.
Conceiving Christian America: Embryo Adoption and Reproductive Politics (NYU Press, 2023) is the first book on embryo adoption tracing how this powerful social movement draws on white saviorist tropes in their aims to reconceive personhood, with drastic consequences for reproductive rights and justice. Documenting the practices, narratives, and beliefs that move embryos from freezers to uteruses, this book wields anthropological wariness as a tool for confronting the multiple tactics of the Christian Right. Timely and provocative, Conceiving Christian America presents a bold and nuanced examination of a family-making process focused on conceiving a Christian nation.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.