CultureLab: Amorina Kingdon on the grunting, growling and singing world underwater
Sep 9, 2024
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Amorina Kingdon, an expert in underwater acoustics, dives into the mysterious world beneath the waves. She reveals how sound travels faster in water and is crucial for marine life communication, navigation, and survival. Kingdon discusses the fascinating variety of underwater sounds, including the unique calls of fish and how marine mammals like killer whales use sound to strengthen social bonds. The conversation also touches on the impact of human noise on these ecosystems, highlighting the importance of preserving these delicate underwater soundscapes.
Hydrophones have revolutionized our understanding of underwater acoustics, revealing that marine life relies heavily on sound for communication and navigation.
Human activities are increasingly disrupting underwater soundscapes, negatively impacting the communication and survival of vital marine species.
Deep dives
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The Underwater Soundscape
Current understanding of sound underwater reveals that aquatic environments are far from silent, contrary to historical assumptions. The invention of the hydrophone has allowed researchers to explore the rich soundscapes present in oceans, lakes, and rivers, where creatures like fish and marine mammals communicate using a variety of sounds. For instance, fish produce noises through their swim bladders or by scraping their bodies against structures, indicating their presence and enabling interactions both socially and reproductively. These findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive understanding of underwater acoustics to appreciate the vibrant lives of aquatic species.
Mechanisms of Sound Propagation
Sound travels differently in water than in air due to water's density, which affects the speed and distance that sound can travel. It moves approximately four and a half times faster underwater, allowing marine animals to utilize sound effectively for communication, navigation, and detecting predators. The difference in sound propagation also explains why humans struggle to hear underwater; our ears are designed for air, causing most sound energy to reflect rather than enter. In contrast, aquatic animals have developed specialized anatomy, such as denser structures and hair cells, allowing them to detect sound vibrations more efficiently.
The Impact of Sound on Marine Life
Research highlights the critical role that sound plays in the survival and behavior of marine animals, including communication, navigation, and mate attraction. Sound disturbances from human activities, such as shipping and construction, may negatively affect the ability of marine life to communicate and thrive, potentially disrupting vital social bonds. Studies in different ecosystems show that sound can influence everything from predator-prey interactions to larval settlement in coral reefs, demonstrating its ecological significance. As human-made noise levels increase, monitoring and understanding the impacts on aquatic soundscapes is becoming increasingly urgent for conservation efforts and maintaining healthy marine ecosystems.
Have you ever heard a haddock knock? What about a cusk eel’s chatter?
Sound travels four-and-a-half times faster through water than air and can be heard across huge distances. It’s how whales are able to communicate hundreds of kilometres apart. Yet, for all its wonder, much of the underwater acoustic world remains a mystery to scientists.
Although human ears can’t detect most marine sounds, the invention of hydrophones – microphones designed to capture underwater audio – is helping scientists begin to unravel this hidden world.
So how does sound move through water? And how do underwater creatures perceive and use sound? Amorina Kingdon’s new book ‘Sing Like Fish’ explores these questions, revealing how marine life depends on ingenious uses of sound to communicate, navigate, and thrive.
In this episode, Kingdon and host Christie Taylor explore the fascinating ways fish and other marine animals produce sound, the physics of underwater ears, and how humans are impacting critical underwater soundscapes. Plus, samples of some of the most captivating underwater sounds she’s encountered in her research.
To read about subjects like this and much more, visit newscientist.com.