Historian and comedian Sean Vanatta discusses the history of credit cards in the US, highlighting regulatory struggles, consumer credit evolution, and financial system complexities. The podcast explores the impact of technology on money, consumer credit during the Great Depression, and missed opportunities for financial reform.
The evolution of credit cards was driven by banks' competitive strategies in the consumer market in the 1950s.
Regulatory frameworks surrounding credit cards were shaped by tensions between consumer protection and bank expansion.
Citibank's shift to a consumer-focused approach revolutionized the credit card market by creating a national consumer base.
Deep dives
The Birth of Credit Cards and Bank Mobilization
In the 1950s, banks started to converge on credit cards as a way to tap into consumer markets and compete with department stores. Initial movements by banks like Bank of America and Chase Manhattan led to the creation of national systems. However, by mid-1960s, mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards resulted in a consumer backlash and regulatory counter mobilization against credit prices, consumer protection, and credit card fraud. The struggle between bank expansion and consumer protection efforts led to a regulatory web covering the credit card market.
Centralization Through Ad Hoc Processes
Centralization in the credit card market did not stem from planned strategies but emerged from ad hoc responses to competitive pressures and consumer demands. Regulatory developments at the state and federal levels played a crucial role in shaping the market. The Marquette Supreme Court decision highlighted the complex interplay between state and federal regulations that contributed to the evolving regulatory landscape of the credit card industry.
The Impact of State and Consumer Advocacy Efforts
State and consumer advocacy efforts against unsolicited credit mailing and consumer protections significantly influenced the regulatory environment surrounding credit cards. The push for credit price regulation and enhanced consumer safeguards, including liability protection and fraud prevention, reshaped the credit card market dynamics. The regulatory interventions introduced a regulatory structure that muddled differentiation among bankers and masked the generic nature of credit card products by the early 1970s.
States' Influence on Credit Regulation
States' involvement in credit card regulation, particularly showcased in the Marquette decision, highlights the impact of banks relocating to states like South Dakota and Delaware to leverage favorable laws for nationwide credit card operations. The Supreme Court ruling in the Marquette case established that credit cards are regulated based on the bank's location, enabling banks to export state laws across the country. This state-level regulatory jockeying and the significance of understanding where the bank is located to determine credit card regulations exemplify the complexities and strategies employed by actors within the financial system.
Citibank's Role in Shaping the Credit Market
Citibank's aggressive corporate culture and focus on offshore banking during the 1960s laid the groundwork for its transition to the US market by targeting consumers as a key growth driver. With a vision that transcended geographic constraints, Citibank launched nationwide campaigns in the late 1970s, mailing credit card offers across the country. Unlike regional banks, Citibank recognized that consumers identified more with credit card providers than issuers, leveraging existing network infrastructure to create a nationwide consumer market. This shift marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of consumer credit and financial strategies in the banking industry.
Peoples & Things host, Lee Vinsel, talks with historian and standup comedian, Sean Vanatta, lecturer in economic and social history at the University of Glasgow and senior fellow at the Wharton Initiative for Financial Policy and Regulation, about Vanatta’s cool new book, Plastic Capitalism: Banks, Credit Cards, and the End of Financial Control (Yale UP, 2024). Plastic Capitalism examines the fascinating history of the rise of the credit card business in the United States, uncovering a complex picture that includes banks, consumers, and federal and state governments. It involves complex interplays of movement and countermovement, ending in the relative dissolution of regulatory power. Vinsel also talks with Vanatta about his current and future projects.