With the outbreak of war with Spain, Ireland once again became a serious concern for London. The Spanish could find easy allies among their co-religionists, and the kingdom was lightly defended. The solution? Offer a serious of political and financial concessions to Catholic Anglo-Irish and Gaelic Irish, in return for their assistance in the war.

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For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful:

• Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire
• Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650
• Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War
• Mark Kishlansky, Monarchy Transformed
• Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin, 'Counter Reformation: The Catholic Church, 1550-1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland
• Colm Lennon, 'Protestant Reformations, 1550-1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland

For a full bibliography, see the website.

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