In today’s episode, you will learn a series of vocabulary words that are connected to a specific topic. This lesson will help you improve your ability to speak English fluently about a specific topic. It will also help you feel more confident in your English abilities.

5 Vocabulary Words

1. Genotype (Noun): The genetic constitution of an individual, typically represented by specific alleles for a given trait.
   • Example Sentences:
     1. The genotype of an organism determines its potential characteristics and traits.
     2. Genetic testing can reveal an individual's genotype for specific inherited conditions.
     3. Scientists often study the genotype to understand the genetic basis of diseases.
2. Phenotype (Noun): The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genotype and environment.
   • Example Sentences:
     1. The phenotype of a plant can be influenced by its growing conditions as well as its genotype.
     2. Genetic testing can help predict an individual's phenotype in relation to certain traits.
     3. Researchers analyze both genotype and phenotype to understand genetic diversity.
3. Mutation (Noun): A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and may result in diseases or conditions.
   • Example Sentences:
     1. Genetic testing can identify specific mutations associated with hereditary diseases.
     2. Some mutations are benign, while others can have serious health implications.
     3. Environmental factors can sometimes trigger mutations in DNA that affect cell function.
4. Allele (Noun): One of two or more versions of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.
   • Example Sentences:
     1. Each individual inherits one allele from each parent for every gene.
     2. Genetic testing can reveal which alleles a person carries for specific traits.
     3. Variations in alleles can influence characteristics such as eye color and disease susceptibility.
5. Carrier (Noun): An individual who has one copy of a mutated gene for a recessive disorder but does not exhibit symptoms of the disorder.
   • Example Sentences:
     1. Genetic testing can determine if someone is a carrier of certain genetic conditions.
     2. Understanding carrier status is important for family planning and prenatal care.
     3. Many people are unaware that they are carriers of genetic mutations until they are tested.

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