John Searle - Consciousness as a Problem in Philosophy and Neurobiology [Reupload]
May 29, 2024
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John Searle, a leading philosopher of mind famous for his critique of machine intelligence, engages with Nick Bostrom, an AI safety expert. They dissect the nature of consciousness, rejecting fears of machines gaining self-awareness. Searle argues that machines lack the necessary semantics to possess true motivation or understanding. The conversation explores the distinctions between subjective and objective experiences, blindsight phenomena, and the complexities of visual perception. Their insights challenge contemporary misconceptions about AI and consciousness.
John Searle argues that consciousness is a biological product of brain processes, requiring a rigorous scientific exploration of its mechanisms.
The distinction between syntax and semantics is crucial, as computers lack genuine comprehension, thus cannot possess true consciousness or motivation.
Deep dives
The Nature of Consciousness
Consciousness is fundamentally a biological product of brain processes, yet misunderstandings about its nature abound. Two prevalent traditions misinterpret consciousness: one views it through the lens of the soul and spirituality, while the other adopts a scientific materialism perspective that dismisses its significance. This dichotomy leads to the conclusion that consciousness cannot be fully integrated into scientific inquiry, either as a divine gift or as an inconsequential byproduct. The emerging view advocates for a scientific exploration of consciousness, recognizing its biological roots and the need for a rigorous investigation into its mechanisms.
Distinctions in Conscious Experience
Understanding consciousness requires clarity on the distinction between objective and subjective claims, which applies both epistemically and ontologically. Epistemically, objective claims can be verified through evidence, while subjective claims rely on personal beliefs or opinions. Ontologically, some entities exist independently of human experience, while others are defined through subjective experiences—like emotions or cultural constructs. This framework allows for a scientific study of consciousness to be objective despite its inherent subjective qualities, empowering researchers to explore the nature of consciousness without losing sight of its unique characteristics.
The Illusion of Artificial Intelligence
Debates about artificial intelligence often miss the mark by conflating computational processes with genuine understanding or consciousness. Computers, even as they engage in complex tasks like playing chess or answering questions, operate solely based on syntax and do not possess semantics or genuine comprehension. This reflects a deeper misunderstanding in which behaviors interpreted as intelligent are confused with actual consciousness. The argument posits that true cognitive faculties such as belief, desire, and rational decision-making exist independently in conscious beings, casting doubt on claims that machines can replicate human-like intelligence.
Challenges in Understanding Consciousness
Current methods in neuroscience have made strides in correlating consciousness with specific neurobiological processes but struggle to identify how these processes create conscious awareness altogether. The research typically focuses on conscious subjects, hindering progress in understanding the foundational aspects of consciousness generation. Furthermore, existing techniques often highlight localized brain functions rather than the integrated mechanisms responsible for generating a unified conscious experience. Recognizing this challenge emphasizes the need for innovative approaches that target the overall architecture of consciousness rather than isolated elements.
In this 2014 lecture, famed philosopher of mind John Searle, originator of the "Chinese Room" critique of machine intelligence discusses competing theories that attempt to explain the emergence from/relation of consciousness and matter.
Searle focuses especially on refuting ideas put forward by Nick Bostrom and other AI theorists which suggest that AI can have a consciousness of its own, and that furthermore we should be worried about Terminator scenarios where machines come to life - Searle thinks this is nonsense, at least in the sense that we don't have to worry about machines being "motivated" to do something, since machines possess only the 'syntax' and not the 'semantics' required to make the sort of meaning upon which a mental phenomenon like motivation, intentionality, etc, depend.
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The original video can be found here, my thanks to Philosophy Overdose for providing and maintaining this recording which was created in 2014 as part of the Patten lecture series.
As always these talks are syndicated for educational and nonprofit purposes in accordance with Fair Use. They are produced ad-free, because I listen to my own stuff on here and like you, I hate ads.
These recordings have been remastered for clarity, ease of listening, and concision and have been downmixed to mono so that they are lighter and easier to stream, wherever you are.
Furthermore my historical and philosophical writing, which is also entirely free is available at my blog, Hemlock, on Substack.
The music of the intro and outro (Bach's Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major) is licensed under non-commercial attribution, and can be found here and has been remixed by me.