Long Reads: Anabaptism and the Radical Reformation w/ Martin Empson
Feb 7, 2025
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Martin Empson, a historian focused on the German Peasants' War and the Radical Reformation, explores the complex legacy of Anabaptism following the rebellion's defeat. He discusses how radical religious ideas became a powerful tool for social change, sparking debate over concepts like shared wealth and adult baptism. Empson highlights the resilience of Anabaptist groups amidst persecution and the significant impact of millenarian beliefs on their ideology. He also sheds light on the dramatic rise and fall of Anabaptism in Munster, illustrating its lasting influence on European society.
Anabaptism emerged as a potent religious and social movement in the aftermath of the German Peasants' War, advocating for community empowerment and economic reform.
The radical governance in Munster highlighted Anabaptism's initial potential for systemic change before succumbing to violent repression, ultimately reshaping its trajectory.
Deep dives
The Emergence of Anabaptism
Anabaptism arose as a significant religious movement following the German Peasants' War and the subsequent defeat of the peasants in 1525. This period was marked by a radical rethinking of religious practices, driven by the Reformation initiated by Martin Luther. The defeat sparked a political climate in which discussions about community empowerment and new ways of organizing society were ushered in. Anabaptism crystallized these sentiments into a distinct religious identity, advocating for community autonomy in spiritual and economic matters.
Social Appeal of Anabaptism
Anabaptism garnered support primarily from the lower classes, especially the peasantry and urban masses, who were disillusioned by the existing social order. The opening of religious debates allowed various societal factions to engage, although the most radical ideas resonated with those seeking economic and religious reforms. Many sought to establish their own religious practices, including selecting priests, reflecting broader social frustrations. The movement was also attractive to wealthier individuals who found resonance in its theological interpretations and critiques of the established church.
The Radical Government of Munster
In 1534, Munster became a focal point for Anabaptism as it transitioned from a marginalized sect to a governing body amidst a radical uprising. The growing number of Anabaptist supporters elected a majority to the city's council, allowing them to implement a new administration based on their principles. Central to this government was the idea of a community of goods, which attempted wealth redistribution in an effort to care for the impoverished population. However, this radical governance devolved into repression and violence, particularly under leaders like Jan van Leiden, whose policies led to significant unrest.
Aftermath and Repression of Anabaptism
The fall of Munster in 1535 marked a severe crackdown on Anabaptism, as established authorities responded to the movement's threat with brutal repression. Surviving leaders were executed, and their bodies displayed as warnings, instilling fear against future uprisings. While Anabaptism suffered immense losses, underground networks persisted, seeking to organize and revive their message in response to the repression. This period of radicalism diminished significantly, evolving into a quieter movement focused on communal living, stripped of its earlier revolutionary ambitions.
Last year, Martin Empson joined Long Reads to speak about the German Peasants’ War, Europe’s biggest social revolt before the French Revolution. Martin returns to talk about what happened next.
After the revolt was crushed, radical religious tendencies became a vehicle for social discontent. The most famous of those tendencies was known as Anabaptism. A group of religious radicals inspired by Anabaptist ideas even took power in the German town of Münster. After the bloody repression of the Munster rebels, the very idea of Anabaptism became a sinister bogeyman for Europe’s ruling classes.
Martin’s book The Time of the Harvest Has Come: Revolution, Reformation and the German Peasants’ War will be published later this year.
Long Reads is a Jacobin podcast looking in-depth at political topics and thinkers, both contemporary and historical, with the magazine’s longform writers. Hosted by features editor Daniel Finn. Produced by Conor Gillies with music by Knxwledge.
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