The podcast dives into the chaotic aftermath of the Sand Creek Massacre, spotlighting the alliances and leadership of the Lakota and Cheyenne tribes. It examines Crazy Horse's tactical brilliance and the challenges U.S. forces faced in tracking Indigenous warriors. A chilling tale reveals the grim fate of a naïve photographer on the frontier. The intense conflicts at Fort Phil Kearney showcase the brutal realities of warfare, while reflections on defeat highlight shifting military strategies and the complex dynamics of Native American resistance.
The desire for revenge following the Sand Creek Massacre united southern tribes with northern relatives, igniting the Red Cloud War.
Red Cloud's leadership and military strategies were shaped by his controversial past and intertribal conflicts, reinforcing Native resistance efforts.
The Battle of Fetterman showcased the tactical prowess of Native forces, highlighting the inadequacies of US military strategies in tribal warfare.
Deep dives
The Aftermath of Sand Creek
In the wake of the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre, the Lakota and Cheyenne were driven by a desire for revenge, leading many southern tribesmen to unite with their northern relatives. This decision sparked a series of raids across the Northern Plains, marking the beginning of a conflict some historians refer to as the Red Cloud War. Initially, this war aimed to address grievances from attacks like Sand Creek, showcasing the determination of the tribes to retaliate against US military actions. During this period, several key figures emerged, particularly Red Cloud, who played a pivotal role in orchestrating resistance against American forces.
Red Cloud's Leadership and Controversy
Red Cloud's emergence as a leader was characterized by both his military prowess and a controversial past, marked by violent conflicts within the Lakota tribes. His involvement in the conflict against the US government solidified his position, and his experience from previous intertribal wars shaped his strategies. In the summer of 1865, Red Cloud and other leaders initiated attacks on the Platte Bridge Station, recognizing its strategic significance for American supply routes. These attacks were significant as they illustrated the tribes' military coordination and determination to reclaim their rights and territory.
The Limits of US Military Power
During the Red Cloud War, the US military faced considerable challenges, not only from a lack of funds but also from shifts in public opinion regarding army size and military strategies. Key decisions made by Congress reflected a tension between the need for military resources and the desire for reduced taxation, complicating the army's ability to respond effectively. Nevertheless, General Conner's campaign against hostile tribes proved largely ineffective, leading to inflated casualty figures and a growing sentiment that the army could not sustain its presence on the Great Plains. This failure highlighted the unpredictable dynamics of Native resistance against encroachment by settlers and soldiers.
Negotiations and Broken Promises
By 1866, some Lakota leaders, disillusioned by ongoing hostilities, showed willingness to negotiate peace with the US government. Promises regarding the safety of travel through the Bozeman Trail were made, only to be undermined by the continued military presence and fortification along the route, which contradicted assurances given in negotiations. This duplicity led to significant frustration and distrust among Lakota leaders, who felt they were being misled and violated. Despite attempts at peace, the reality on the ground and broken promises led to further conflict, demonstrating the challenges of achieving genuine reconciliation.
The Battle of Fetterman and Its Impact
The Battle of Fetterman, which involved well-planned ambush tactics by Crazy Horse and other leaders, resulted in a decisive defeat for US forces, with all 81 soldiers killed. This battle underscored the strategic effectiveness of Native forces and illustrated the severe limitations of the US military's strategies in the face of complex tribal warfare. After the battle, the repercussions were significant, as government officials called for increased military aggression in response to Native actions, leading to a cycle of violence. The battle and its aftermath sparked a realization among the tribes that their efforts were yielding temporary victories, leading to further negotiations, but ultimately signaling a larger struggle over land and sovereignty.
“There were many bullets, but there were more arrows—so many that it was like a cloud of grasshoppers all above and around the soldiers” Fire Thunder
In Episode 8, we pause the blow by blow narration of Crazy Horse’s life to focus on the larger context: the war between Lakota & Cheyenne and the United States in the mid-1860s. In this episode: things heat up with battles at Platte River Station and Red Buttes, “the yellow metal that makes the wasichus crazy”, just for fun Crazy Horse lets soldiers shoot at him, the 1866 State of the Union address misses the target by a mile, painting the Bozeman Trail red with blood, the head of a photographer rolling in a wagon, Captain Brown’s obsession with scalps, the winkte prophet, spirits could use math tutoring, making arrowheads from a frying pan, Lakota warriors honoring a soldier they killed, and after the battle… a dreadful silence, Hieronymus Bosch, and coyotes & crows. Also, General Sherman’s diplomatic reaction (“We must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux even to their extermination—men, women and children”), the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, and setting fire to the forts.