Engineered pig kidneys transplanted into monkeys show promise for human transplantation, with genetic modifications reducing immune system attacks and infection risks. The podcast also discusses babies' mild cases of COVID-19 due to nasal immune systems and a new 3D printing technique. Additionally, it explores the neuronal basis of how our brains count numbers and the challenges faced by a spacecraft telescope's pointing system.
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Quick takeaways
Gene-edited pig organs show promise for human transplantation, overcoming the critical shortage of organs.
The brain uses distinct neuronal systems for counting small numbers (up to four) and larger numbers, explaining why counting larger numbers takes longer and is less accurate.
Deep dives
Advancements in Xenotransplantation: Transplanting Organs from Animals to Humans
The chronic shortage of available organs for transplantation has led to researchers exploring the use of animal organs, known as xenotransplantation, to meet the demand. Recent advancements in gene editing and engineering have brought this field closer to reality, with successful pig to human heart transplants and now kidney transplants in monkeys. By genetically modifying pig kidneys to be more compatible with humans, researchers have achieved relatively long-term survival rates in these non-human primates. While there are still challenges and ethical considerations to address, these breakthroughs indicate a promising future for xenotransplantation and its potential to save lives.
Understanding the Neural Mechanisms Behind Counting Objects
Scientists have made progress in unraveling the neurological processes involved in counting objects. By observing patients with microelectrodes in their brains, researchers found that there are distinct neuronal systems for counting small numbers (up to around four) and larger numbers. Neurons corresponding to smaller numbers are highly selective and fire specifically when seeing that particular number, while neurons for larger numbers are less selective and may respond to adjacent numbers as well. This breakthrough sheds light on the brain's mechanism for estimating quantities and explains why counting larger numbers often takes longer and is less accurate.
Euclid Space Observatory Overcomes Pointing Challenges
The Euclid space observatory, launched to study the accelerating expansion of the universe, encountered unexpected challenges with its pointing system. Wobbling and image instability threatened its ability to accurately map the positions of galaxies. The team behind the craft discovered that energetic particles bombarding the sensors were causing confusion and mistaking cosmic noise for faint stars. The software was updated to filter out these artifacts, enabling the spacecraft to perform precise measurements. Additionally, stray light from the spacecraft's thruster was bouncing onto the telescope's sensitive cameras, but a small adjustment in the spacecraft's orientation resolved this problem. With these issues resolved, the Euclid observatory is now expected to continue its mission of mapping galaxies and advancing our understanding of the universe.
00:46 Engineered pig kidneys show transplantation promise
Kidneys from genetically-engineered miniature pigs have been transplanted into non-human primates, in some cases keeping the animals alive for more than a year. Using CRISPR, a team made dozens of edits to the pig genome to prevent the monkeys’ immune system from attacking the organs. They also removed pig retrovirus genes that could represent an infection risk. These steps are necessary if pig organs are to be used in human transplants, something many clinicians and researchers think will be needed to overcome a critical shortage of organs for transplantation.
How babies’ nasal immune systems could explain why they tend to have mild cases of COVID-19, and the molecular ‘glue’ that allows 3D printing with challenging materials.
This time, the discovery that the human brain uses one system for estimating whether a group contains four or fewer items, and a different one for when there are five or more. Plus, we discuss how researchers fixed the Euclid telescope’s wobbles.