#120 New Testament Q&A: Pharisees, contradictions & oral tradition
Jun 2, 2022
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The podcast explores listener questions about the Pharisees in the New Testament, the discrepancies in the Gospel endings, and the reliability of the oral tradition. It delves into the historical background and beliefs of the Pharisees, examines the differences in the accounts of Jesus's resurrection and ascension, and discusses the preservation of the gospel accounts through oral tradition.
The Pharisees were not merely legalists but devout individuals seeking to be faithful to God, with varying positions and a focus on living according to God's law in anticipation of the future age to come.
The variations in the Gospel accounts of Jesus' resurrection do not invalidate its historical reality, as they can be understood within the context of different narratives circulating in the early church and the diverse nature of the oral tradition.
Deep dives
The Pharisees: A Nuanced Perspective
The Pharisees in the Gospels are often portrayed as one-dimensional legalists, but there is more to their story. The Pharisees were divided into different groups and had varying positions. They were focused on living according to God's law in anticipation of the future age to come. Their aim was to create a way of life that mirrored the holiness of the priests in the Jerusalem temple, even for those living outside Jerusalem. Jesus' association with Pharisees and his unconventional actions were seen as a threat by some, who didn't understand that he was inaugurating the kingdom of God in a different way. It is important to recognize that the Pharisees were not mere legalists, but devout individuals who sought to be faithful to God.
The Varied Resurrection Narratives
The accounts of Jesus' resurrection and post-resurrection appearances differ across the Gospels. Mark's Gospel tells of the women finding the empty tomb and being instructed to meet Jesus in Galilee. Matthew includes additional appearances in Jerusalem before the disciples go to Galilee. John's Gospel highlights encounters with Mary Magdalene and others both in Jerusalem and in Galilee. Luke's Gospel focuses on appearances in and around Jerusalem, with no explicit mention of Galilee. These variations can be understood within the context of different narratives circulating in the early church. The important point is that these stories were shared eagerly, passed on orally, and fixed in the minds of the listeners. While the different accounts may appear contradictory, they do not invalidate the historical reality of Jesus' resurrection.
Oral Tradition and the Transmission of Gospel Accounts
The Gospels were passed down through oral tradition before being written down. In an oral culture, stories and events spread through communities naturally and relatively fixed forms were reached. Circulating stories about Jesus were commonly told and shared, ensuring the preservation of the core teachings and events. Details and variations emerged, but the overall substance and essence of the stories remained intact. It is important to remember that oral tradition does not operate through formal methods or managed processes. Rather, it occurs spontaneously through people retelling stories to one another in their daily lives. The variations in the Gospel accounts do not negate their reliability but indicate the diverse nature of the early church's oral tradition.
Tom answers listener questions on the New Testament. Were the Pharisees all bad? How do we reconcile the different Gospel endings about where the disciples stayed after the resurrection? Is the oral tradition, before the Gospels were written down, reliable?