Ep70 "Why do our memories drift? Part 1: The War of the Ghosts"
Aug 5, 2024
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David Eagleman, a renowned neuroscientist and expert in human memory and cognition, takes listeners on a thought-provoking journey into the nature of memory. He discusses how recollections, like medieval art of lions, can be distorted over time and shaped by cultural influences. The podcast dives into concepts like flashbulb memories and misinformation, revealing the role of external factors in altering our perceptions of significant events. Through compelling case studies, Eagleman unpacks the flawed yet fascinating dynamics of memory and its impact on our identities.
Medieval European artists depicted lions inaccurately due to limited experiences, mirroring how personal memories can distort with retelling.
Frederick Bartlett's study using 'The War of the Ghosts' demonstrates that memories are reconstructed based on cultural context and personal narratives.
Deep dives
Medieval Lions and Memory Distortion
The discussion begins with a fascinating observation about medieval European art, specifically how artists portrayed lions. Despite their advancements in depicting human figures and architectural elements, lions appeared with exaggerated and inaccurate features, reflecting the artists' lack of direct experience with these animals. This phenomenon parallels how human memory operates, likening it to the game of telephone, where details become distorted over time and through retellings. The artist's challenge to represent something never seen in reality mirrors the complexities of how personal memories are reshaped by what we know and believe, leading to inaccuracies.
The War of the Ghosts Study
Frederick Bartlett's exploration of memory through the Native American folktale 'The War of the Ghosts' reveals the constructive nature of memory. In his experiment, participants who retold the story multiple times made noticeable changes and omissions, illustrating how memories can drift from their original context. This led to the discovery that as people recall events, they often modify details to align with their own understanding and experiences, which is influenced by their cultural background. The study shows that memory is not a straightforward retrieval of events but a complex reconstruction, often leading to distortions that are tailored to fit personal narratives.
Flashbulb Memories and Their Reliability
The concept of flashbulb memories, such as those surrounding the events of September 11, demonstrates how emotional experiences can significantly influence memory recall. Despite high confidence in the accuracy of these memories, studies reveal that details can become inconsistent over time, reflecting a decline in their reliability. While factual details supported by external sources may remain stable, personal recollections related to emotions and feelings often drift, underscoring the fragility of human memory. This indicates that memories shaped by intense emotional experiences still undergo the same distortions as other types of memories.
The Influence of Shared Memories
The phenomenon of co-witness contamination highlights how conversations about shared events can alter individual memories. When two witnesses discuss an event they've both seen, their recollections can become intertwined, leading to a collective distortion of what transpired. This issue is particularly evident in legal contexts, where eyewitness testimonies can be influenced by subtle suggestions and feedback from authorities, resulting in misplaced confidence and recalls of different details. The implications of this memory alteration are significant, suggesting that our recollections are not only personal but also shaped by social interaction and context.
Why did lions look so strange in medieval European art? What does this have to do with Native American folklore, eyewitness memory of a car accident, or what a person remembers 3 years after witnessing the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center? And what does any of this have to do with flashbulb memories, misinformation, and the telephone game that you played as a child? Join Eagleman for part 1 of an astonishing journey into what we believe about our memories.
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