From 9/11 to Minneapolis: How ICE Became a Paramilitary Force
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Jan 30, 2026 Garrett Graff, journalist and historian of federal law enforcement, outlines how post‑9/11 policy and rapid Border Patrol hiring reshaped ICE and CBP into a paramilitary presence. He traces recruitment and training changes, quota‑driven tactics, and the mismatch between border enforcement culture and urban policing. The conversation examines legal, political, and accountability implications of federal deployments in American cities.
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Federal Force Used To Intimidate Cities
- Minneapolis shows federal forces used to harm citizens, not protect them.
- Garrett Graff argues this is a reversal of historical federal deployments to defend civil rights.
Post‑9/11 Buildout Created Lasting Problems
- Post-9/11 restructuring created DHS and massively expanded Border Patrol staffing.
- Rapid hiring cut training and background checks, producing long-term misconduct problems.
Quotas Replaced Discretion And Escalated Tactics
- Policy shifts removed prosecutorial discretion and imposed arrest quotas.
- Garrett Graff links Stephen Miller's million-deportions target to aggressive street tactics.


