Who should guard the guardians? Can we find rulers who don’t want to rule? With Melissa Lane
Oct 18, 2024
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Melissa Lane, Class of 1943 Professor of Politics at Princeton University and author of "Of Rule and Office: Plato's Ideas of the Political," shares intriguing insights into governance. She tackles the age-old question of 'who guards the guardians?' and explores the potential for abuse by those in power. The discussion highlights Plato's views on the cyclical nature of political systems, from democracy's decline to tyranny, and emphasizes the critical need for honor, accountability, and institutional safeguards in leadership.
Plato's idea of political rule emphasizes the necessity for accountability mechanisms within offices to prevent power abuse.
The distinction between serving personal interests and the common good is vital for effective governance and public service.
Deep dives
Understanding Rule and Office in Plato's Thought
Plato's concept of rule and office is framed around the idea that political power, or rule, should be viewed within the structure of governance, known as office. An office represents a limited political power that is characterized by specific duties, term limits, and an accountability mechanism. This constitutionalist approach is significant as it suggests that various offices should coexist with different powers, preventing absolute control. Plato's political philosophy challenges the notion that he opposed constitutional rule, presenting his works as a nuanced exploration of the purpose and vulnerabilities of political structures.
The Guardian Dilemma: Who Guards the Guardians?
A central question in political philosophy, often termed Juvenile's Conundrum, relates to how to ensure that those in power do not abuse their authority. The assumption is that merely selecting wise leaders, like philosopher kings, would prevent corruption, but Plato argues for the need to create institutions that actively safeguard against such power abuse. He critiques simplistic solutions by emphasizing that even well-structured offices won't guarantee good governance if those in power lack accountability. Thus, Plato contends, it is crucial to devise methods to oversee the overseers, asking not just who should rule, but how to prevent rulers from going rogue.
Service Conception of Rule: Aligning Interests
Plato highlights the vital distinction between rulers serving their own interests and serving the common good of the ruled, which is fundamental to effective governance. He advocates for a 'service conception of rule' where those in power ought to prioritize the welfare of the governed above their ambitions. The vulnerabilities of office holders include corruption, where rulers might exploit their roles for personal gain, or the paradox where only those who do not desire power should be entrusted with it to avoid potential misuses of authority. This approach redefines leadership as a responsibility toward the community, which is meant to resonate with modern notions of public service.
Political Fragility: The Cycle of Regimes
Plato offers a critical examination of political regimes, suggesting they are inherently fragile and capable of degeneration. The transition from democracy to tyranny illustrates how power, when unchecked, can lead to chaos instead of order, ultimately resulting in anarchy. His analysis emphasizes that corruption begins when the leaders lose sight of their obligation to serve the governed, leading to widespread discontent and the rejection of authority. This cyclical deterioration underscores the need for constant vigilance and the re-establishment of reliable frameworks to ensure the health and stability of political systems.
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Today’’s Classical Wisdom speaks podcast is with Melissa Lane, the Class of 1943 Professor of Politics and a faculty member of the Program in Classical Philosophy at Princeton University. She is author of many books, including most recently, “Of Rule and Office: Plato's Ideas of the Political.”
We discuss Juvenal's conundrum, Plato’s political views of rulers and the nature of rule and ask: did Plato believe in ancient Checks and Balances?
You can find Professor Lane's book, “Of Rule and Office: Plato's Ideas of the Political.” here: https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691192154/of-rule-and-office
If you are interested in learning more about ancient Philosophy specifically and the Classics in general, check out Classical Wisdom and sign up for our free newsletter here: https://classicalwisdom.substack.com/
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