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Codman's Frozen Shoulder Study
- Codman based his frozen shoulder findings on four hospitalized patients in 1933.
- He tied their arms in elevation for over 20 hours/day, allowing only pendular exercises.
Diagnosing Frozen Shoulder
- Validate patient pain and difficulties; a frozen shoulder diagnosis requires active and passive range of motion restrictions.
- External rotation must be limited by at least 50% compared to the other side, often with normal X-rays.
Objective Measurement of Frozen Shoulder
- Patients compensate for restricted shoulder movement, making visual range of motion assessment difficult.
- Using a tape measure from belly button to ulnar styloid during external rotation provides a more objective measurement.