172: Breadlines, Bank Failures, & the Bonus Army: Hoover & the Early Great Depression
Dec 16, 2024
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Explore Herbert Hoover's initial responses to the Great Depression and his collaboration with industry leaders in a bid to stabilize the economy. The discussion reveals the devastating bank failures that shook public confidence and led to widespread panic. Hear how immigration policies intertwine with the narrative of resilience, and the emotional protest of the Bonus Army sheds light on the struggles of veterans. The rising discontent culminates in Hoovervilles, reflecting the deeper societal unrest that paved the way for Roosevelt's promise of hope.
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Quick takeaways
Herbert Hoover's initial response to the Great Depression emphasized voluntary cooperation with industry leaders to foster job stability amid rising unemployment.
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, while aimed at protecting American farmers, inadvertently harmed economic recovery by straining international trade relations.
The violent eviction of the Bonus Army in 1932 highlighted Hoover's growing disconnect from the suffering of ordinary Americans, ultimately leading to his political downfall.
Deep dives
The Impact of the Stock Market Crash
In November 1929, three weeks after the infamous Black Tuesday stock market crash, President Herbert Hoover began strategizing to address the developing economic crisis. Many prominent figures, including Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon, believed in a hands-off approach, suggesting that letting the market correct itself was essential for recovery. In contrast, Hoover, recognizing the interconnected complexities of the modern economy, started conferences with industry leaders to encourage voluntary investment in public projects. This led to commitments from railroad executives to spend significant amounts on infrastructure, which was seen as a positive step towards job creation amidst the economic downturn.
Hoover's Coordination Efforts
Hoover actively sought the cooperation of various industries to prevent layoffs and wage cuts, creating a coalition with influential business leaders like Henry Ford and Julius Rosenwald. He aimed to foster a collective responsibility by forming agreements that would protect jobs while encouraging wage stability, showcasing a sense of humanity amid growing unemployment. Additionally, he initiated several public works programs, pushing for expansive construction projects to combat rising joblessness. His approach was framed around voluntary measures and cooperation, as he sought to maintain public morale during a period of panic and uncertainty.
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Controversy
One of Hoover's significant legislative actions was the passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930, initially intended to protect American farmers by raising tariffs on imported goods. However, this tariff drew considerable criticism from economists and international trade partners, who feared it could lead to retaliatory tariffs and worsen the economic situation. It ultimately raised tariffs on thousands of items, which detracted from Hoover's goals for economic recovery and strained relationships with other nations. The backlash from both domestic and foreign markets highlighted the complexities of responding to the Great Depression while adhering to protectionist policies.
Growing Discontent and Unemployment
As the country faced mounting unemployment exceeding 15% by 1931, the struggle for basic necessities became increasingly evident in urban centers, exemplified by the rise of breadlines attended by those from various socioeconomic backgrounds. Figures like Marion Spore became notable for their efforts to help the needy amidst the worsening crisis, as they distributed food to those waiting in long lines. Yet, despite grassroots relief efforts, Hoover maintained a philosophy of limited government intervention, largely relying on volunteerism instead of direct federal aid. This approach drew ire and skepticism from those suffering, as many felt abandoned during their time of need.
Consequences of Hoover's Policies
Hoover's approach culminated in significant political backlash, particularly following the violent evictions of the Bonus Army veterans in 1932, who were demanding immediate payment for promised bonuses from their wartime service. This incident, where the military forcibly removed veterans from their encampments, painted Hoover as disconnected from the struggles of ordinary Americans. As the economy continued to deteriorate, and with public sentiment shifting against him, the once-popular president witnessed his approval plummet. Ultimately, he lost the 1932 election to Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose promises of relief and recovery resonated deeply within a nation desperate for change.
"Too much praise cannot be given to the President for the prompt and resolute and skillful way in which he has set about reassuring the country after the financial collapse.”
This is the story of Herbert Hoover’s facing the early years of the Great Depression.
Just after the stock market crash of 1929, people aren’t expecting the worst. Most, including the experts, believe that this little downturn will blow over with time, just like past economic troubles. Avoiding the word “panic,” President Herbert Hoover comes up with a new term meant to describe how minor this downturn will be. He calls it a “depression.” He also pushes volunteerism. Congress cuts taxes. The Fed cuts the discount rate. Americans feel they are in good hands.
But national productivity keeps going down. Unemployment keeps going up. Breadlines are getting longer and a drought has hit the heartland. Then major banks start going under, both in the US and abroad. Britain goes off the gold standard. As “Hoovervilles” spread and Great War vets march to DC, Bert Hoover—the famous “Master of Emergencies”—finds himself facing an economic challenge unlike any ever faced by a president.