The extraordinary combination of גְּאוֹנוּת in lomdus in the Golden Age of Pilpul in the Golden Age of the Jews in he Kingdom of Poland , fascination with mathematics, and the Kabbalistic application of math to the deeper reading of the תּוֹרָה בִּכְתָב וְתוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֹּה