This podcast delves into the Persian empire and the rule of Cyrus, the first Persian emperor. It explores the empire's vast territory, sophisticated communications, and control system. The focus is on a gold chariot model that helps explain Cyrus's ambitions. The podcast also discusses the multicultural nature of the Persian Empire and its impact on history. It contrasts the viewpoints of Persians and Athenians on the ideal state.
The Persian Empire focused on local autonomy, collaboration with conquered elites, and had an efficient administrative machine that facilitated travel and communication.
Cyrus the Great demonstrated shrewd political tactics, tolerance, and the ability to embrace diverse religions and cultures in the Persian Empire.
Deep dives
Persian Empire: The Empire of the Mind
The 5th century BC saw the rise of empires like Persia, China, and Greece, which began articulating clear ideas of statecraft. The Persian Empire, the superpower of that time, was different from previous empires as it focused on local autonomy and collaboration with conquered elites. The empire had an efficient administrative machine that ensured public order and facilitated long-distance travel and communication through the well-maintained roads and reliable postal service. The Persian Empire was multicultural, tolerant of different religions, and even adopted foreign languages for official proclamations. This inclusive and flexible imperial system lasted over 200 years, with the Persians presenting an image of a friendly empire to the conquered people.
The Oxus Chariot: Symbol of Persian Imperial Power
The Oxus Chariot, a gold model from ancient Persia, represents the immense power and travel capabilities of the Persian Empire. It was found in a distant province on the eastern edge of the empire, showcasing the vast reach of Persian rule. The chariot, pulled by four golden horses, was designed for long-distance travel on the empire's well-maintained roads. It symbolizes the efficiency and security of travel within the empire, where people could journey without armed guards. The diversity of the empire is represented by the chariot's metalworking technique from central Persia, the Mead costume of the driver and passenger, and an Egyptian god Bess on its front, highlighting Persian acceptance and adoption of different religions and cultures.
Cyrus the Great: Conqueror and Benefactor
Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire, demonstrated shrewd political tactics and tolerance in his rule. After conquering Babylon in 539 BC, Cyrus issued a generous decree, presenting himself as a defender of the people and allowing prisoners, such as the Jews, to return home and rebuild their temple. This act of kindness left a lasting impact, with Cyrus being hailed as a benefactor and hero in the Hebrew scriptures. The Persian Empire's enduring ideal is marked by its ability to tolerate diverse religions and adopt foreign ways. Modern archaeology and Iranian pride in their past have shed light on the Persian Empire's management and its complexity in embracing different races, religions, and languages.
Neil MacGregor's world history told through objects at the British Museum arrives in Persia 2500 years ago. Throughout this week, Neil is looking at powerful leaders across the ancient world. Today he focuses on Cyrus, the first Persian emperor who created the largest empire the world had ever known. It stretched from Turkey to Pakistan and required a hugely sophisticated network of communications and control.
At the heart of today's programme is a gold chariot pulled by four gold horses. This hand-sized model helps explain the rule of Cyrus, the "king of kings", and his ambitions for his vast territory - with contributions from the historian Tom Holland and Michael Axworthy of the University of Exeter. How does this glorious pre-Islamic past sit with the people of Iran today?
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