Eric Storm, "Nationalism: A World History" (Princeton UP, 2024)
Jan 1, 2025
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Eric Storm, a Dutch historian focused on Spanish history and nationalism, discusses the evolving nature of nationalism from the 18th century to today. He traces how the nation-state emerged from the French Revolution, redefining citizenship. Storm delves into nationalism's impact on culture, from sports to arts, and its pervasive presence in society through heritage preservation and branding. He also examines post-colonial challenges in federations and how neoliberalism and identity politics have reshaped national identities in a competitive global landscape.
Eric Storm emphasizes the importance of understanding nationalism through a global lens, revealing its shared characteristics across different movements.
The definition of a nation has evolved, distinguishing between ethnically homogeneous groups and communities of citizens, which shaped modern nation-states.
Deep dives
Eric Storm's Background and Approach to Nationalism
Eric Storm, originally a Dutch historian focused on Spanish history, expanded his research interests to include comparative studies of nationalism across the globe. He identifies territorial identity as a key area of study, driven by his observation that many existing works on nationalism are limited to regional or national perspectives. This gap in literature motivated him to write a comprehensive analysis that tracks the development of nationalism from a global vantage point. By comparing various nationalist movements worldwide, Storm emphasizes the similarities in nationalist sentiment and practices, challenging the notion that each nationalist movement is unique.
Redefining Nationalism: The Concept of 'Demos'
The definition of a nation is crucial to understanding nationalism, with two primary models emerging in discourse. One model views the nation as an ethnically and linguistically homogeneous group deserving of a state, while the other defines it as a community of citizens, known as the 'demos.' This latter conception of nationalism gained prominence during the French Revolution, where citizenship was recognized beyond linguistic or cultural identity, paving the way for the modern nation-state. The significance of this shift is highlighted by its impact on political legitimacy, determining that the state exists to serve the nation, which is composed of all legal inhabitants.
The Cultural Dimensions of Nationalism
Cultural elements play a vital role in the construction of national identities, as seen in the art, literature, and societal values that emerged from the Romantic movement. Storm explains how prominent nationalist thinkers and artists began to associate language with culture, leading to a renaissance of vernacular literature and national history writing. This cultural revival, however, had political implications, as burgeoning national identities manifested in efforts to foster distinct cultural narratives that often overlooked or marginalized minority voices. The combined effects of these movements created fertile ground for national consciousness, ultimately influencing politics and societal structures throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
The Evolution and Extremes of Nationalism in the 20th Century
The trajectory of nationalism in the 20th century saw a shift from initial forms associated with enlightenment ideals to radical extremes that contributed to the world wars. Factors such as social Darwinism and the economic climate caused a rise in nationalist sentiments, which elites exploited to maintain power and control amid growing demands for suffrage. The aftermath of the world wars illuminated the dual nature of nationalism, with the First World War igniting nationalist movements globally, while the Second World War highlighted the dangers of extreme nationalism that led to unprecedented conflict. Following these events, nationalism underwent further transformation, facing questions about its place in a world increasingly leaning towards global cooperation and transnational identities.
The current rise of nationalism across the globe is a reminder that we are not, after all, living in a borderless world of virtual connectivity. In Nationalism: A World History(Princeton UP, 2024), historian Eric Storm sheds light on contemporary nationalist movements by exploring the global evolution of nationalism, beginning with the rise of the nation-state in the eighteenth century through the revival of nationalist ideas in the present day. Storm traces the emergence of the unitary nation-state--which brought citizenship rights to some while excluding a multitude of "others"--and the pervasive spread of nationalist ideas through politics and culture.
Storm shows how nationalism influences the arts and humanities, mapping its dissemination through newspapers, television, and social media. Sports and tourism, too, have helped fashion a world of discrete nations, each with its own character, heroes, and highlights. Nationalism saturates the physical environment, not only in the form of national museums and patriotic statues but also in efforts to preserve cultural heritage, create national parks, invent ethnic dishes and beverages, promote traditional building practices, and cultivate native plants. Nationalism has even been used for selling cars, furniture, and fashion.
By tracing these tendencies across countries, Storm shows that nationalism's watershed moments were global. He argues that the rise of new nation-states was largely determined by shifts in the international context, that the relationships between nation-states and their citizens largely developed according to global patterns, and that worldwide intellectual trends influenced the nationalization of both culture and environment. Over the centuries, nationalism has transformed both geopolitics and the everyday life of ordinary people.