Richard J. Evans, "Hitler's People: The Faces of the Third Reich" (Penguin, 2024)
Dec 8, 2024
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Richard Evans, a leading expert on Nazi Germany and author of the acclaimed The Third Reich Trilogy, discusses his latest work, *Hitler's People*. He delves into the intricate lives of key Nazi figures, revealing their personal ambitions and failings. The conversation touches on the evolution of Holocaust discourse and the moral responsibilities of historians today. Evans highlights how the ordinary backgrounds of these individuals fueled extraordinary horrors, drawing parallels with contemporary populism and the complexities of historical interpretation.
Evans emphasizes that many key figures of the Nazi regime were ordinary individuals, challenging the narrative that they were merely monstrous outsiders.
The podcast warns against today's resurgence of populism and authoritarianism, highlighting the need to protect democracy from extremist ideologies.
Deep dives
The Origins of Historical Interest
The speaker describes how personal experiences in post-World War II London, particularly the visible remnants of bombed neighborhoods, sparked a fascination with German history and the Nazi era. Growing up in a working-class area with a lively discussion surrounding the war influenced this interest, especially as many adults were wartime figures. Academic pursuits at Oxford further fueled this passion as a new generation of historians sought to explore Nazi Germany's complex origins and ideologies. This evolutionary journey exemplifies how personal and collective memories can shape historical scholarship.
The Structure of 'People, The Faces of the Third Reich'
The organization of the book reflects a nuanced approach to studying notable figures from Nazi Germany. It comprises four distinct sections: an in-depth essay on Adolf Hitler, biographies of key Nazi officials like Goebbels and Himmler, profiles of mid-level Nazis, and finally, accounts of lower-ranking collaborators. This structure seeks to represent a wide spectrum of individuals involved in the regime while illustrating the shared characteristics that link them. The selections aim to create a comprehensive narrative while acknowledging the constraints of space and focus.
Understanding the Nazi Leadership
The speaker discusses how the Nazi leadership, including figures like Hitler, shared a common ideological commitment for anti-Semitism and loyalty to the regime. They assert that many were ordinary individuals rather than psychopathic criminals, complicating discussions about their motivations. The examination of these individuals reveals insights into the normalization of extremist views within the German middle class of the era, despite their apparent normalcy. Historical representations often mischaracterize them as outsiders or monsters, reinforcing the need for a deeper understanding of their societal integration.
Modern Parallels and Historical Lessons
The discussion highlights the lessons contemporary society can draw from the rise of Nazi Germany, particularly concerning the fragility of democracy. Notably, the speaker warns against the dangers of populism and authoritarianism in today's political climate, which bear superficial similarities to the political maneuvers of historical dictators. They emphasize the importance of not compromising democratic principles in the face of extremist movements and advocate for a vigilant public discourse that prioritizes truth over populist narratives. This reflection serves as a sobering reminder of the cyclical nature of history and the ongoing responsibility to uphold democratic values.
Richard Evans, author of the acclaimed The Third Reich Trilogy and over two dozen other volumes on modern Europe, is our preeminent scholar of Nazi Germany. Having spent half a century searching for the truths behind one of the most horrifying episodes in human history, in Hitler's People: The Faces of the Third Reich(Penguin Press, 2024), he brings us back to the original site of the Nazi movement: namely, the lives of its most important members.
Working in concentric circles out from Hitler and his closest allies, Evans forms a typological framework of Germany society under Nazi rule from the top down. With a novelist's eye for detail, Evans explains the Third Reich through the personal failings and professional ambitions of its members, from its most notorious deputies--like Goebbels, the regime's propagandist, and Himmler, the Holocaust's chief architect--to the crucial enforcers and instruments of the Nazi agenda that history has largely forgotten--like the schoolteacher Julius Streicher and the actress Leni Riefenstahl. Drawing on a wealth of recently unearthed historical sources, Hitler's People lays bare the inner and outer lives of the characters whose choices led to the deaths of millions.
Nearly a century after Hitler's rise, the leading nations of the West are once again being torn apart by a will to power. By telling the stories of these infamous lives as human lives, Evans asks us to grapple with the complicated nature of complicity, showing us that the distinctions between individual and collective responsibility--and even between pathological evil and rational choice--are never easily drawn.