
New Books in Psychology Kevin J. Mitchell, "Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will" (Princeton UP, 2023)
Jan 1, 2026
Kevin J. Mitchell, a neuroscientist and geneticist at Trinity College Dublin, explores the intricate relationship between evolution and free will in his latest book, Free Agents. He challenges the notion that agency is an illusion, tracing our ability to make choices back to life's earliest forms. Mitchell discusses how nervous systems evolved to enable complex decision-making, highlighting the importance of metacognition in humans. He also examines implications for law, biology, and the future of artificial intelligence, raising thought-provoking ethical questions.
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Naturalizing Free Will
- Kevin J. Mitchell rejects definitions that demand absolute freedom or dualist ghosts because they are incoherent or supernatural.
- He starts from the everyday phenomenon: we feel like we make reasoned choices and aim to explain that biologically and evolutionarily.
Life As Purposeful Patterns
- Living systems are integrative patterns that sustain themselves through organized processes rather than static matter.
- Purpose, value, and meaning emerge naturally because organisms act to persist and respond to information about their environment.
Nervous Systems Enable Simulation
- Nervous systems add layers that let organisms infer distal objects and learn causal regularities from experience.
- That capacity to simulate outcomes internally gives organisms causal power to choose safer, adaptive actions without trial-and-error risk.

