Carl Zimmer on the Hidden Life in the Air We Breathe
Mar 5, 2025
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Carl Zimmer, a renowned science writer specializing in biology and evolution, dives into the surprising life present in the air we breathe. He discusses the historical struggle to acknowledge airborne disease transmission, notably regarding COVID-19. Zimmer also shares insights on the tensions in scientific acceptance of allergenic triggers like pollen and the implications of ultraviolet light on air quality. Additionally, he explores fascinating topics like microplastics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and the intriguing Flynn effect related to intelligence.
The long-standing skepticism towards airborne diseases, rooted in historical biases, hindered timely public health responses like those seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Advancements in air purification technology and the potential use of ultraviolet light are essential for improving indoor air quality and managing airborne diseases effectively.
Deep dives
The Long Road to Understanding Airborne Disease
The concept of diseases being transmitted through the air was not widely accepted until relatively recently in scientific history, primarily due to the complexity and fear associated with the notion. Initially, many believed that illness arose from 'bad air' or miasmas, disregarding the idea that living microorganisms could cause disease. This belief proved to be a significant blind spot, as visible microorganisms were often dismissed despite the advent of the microscope in the late 16th century. Over time, as scientific evidence mounted in favor of germ theory, the understanding of airborne diseases began to shift, although a lag still existed within public health perspectives.
Breaking Ground in Allergy Understanding
The first recognition of airborne allergies is attributed to a British doctor in the 19th century who linked his hay fever to pollen in the air. His experiments, including flying a kite to capture airborne pollen, demonstrated the transport of pollen over significant distances, yet the scientific community was skeptical of his findings. His observations, while innovative, were largely ignored until much later when it became clear that allergies stem from the immune system's response to inhaled particles, not infections. The delayed acceptance of this information highlights the persistent challenges in connecting environmental factors to health conditions.
Public Health's Struggle with Airborne Transmission
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a notable conflict arose regarding the airborne transmission of the virus, mirroring historical battles over germ theory acceptance. Initially, significant hesitation existed among organizations like the WHO and CDC to acknowledge airborne transmission, reflecting longstanding biases against it as a significant transmission pathway. This inertia can be traced back to historical public health policies that previously deemed airborne transmission insignificant or obsolete. The realization that viruses could spread through the air prompted discussions about necessary investments in public health infrastructure to effectively manage airborne diseases.
The Role of Ultraviolet Light in Air Safety
The potential of ultraviolet (UV) light to sanitize indoor air is not a new concept and has been researched since the 1930s, with some early evidence indicating its effectiveness in controlling outbreaks. Despite this, widespread implementation has faced barriers due to logistical challenges and the need for extensive research to maximize safety and efficacy. Current advancements in air purification technology and air quality monitoring are emerging as essential components of public health strategies. Ensuring healthier indoor environments will likely require a multifaceted approach, combining UV light technology with improved ventilation and air quality standards.
Carl Zimmer is one of the finest science communicators of our time, having spent decades writing about biology, evolution, and heredity. His latest (and 16th) book, Air-Borne: The Hidden History of the Life We Breathe, explores something even more fundamental—how the very air around us is teeming with life, from pollen to pathogens to microbes floating miles above the Earth.
He joins Tyler to discuss why it took scientists so long to accept airborne disease transmission and more, including why 19th-century doctors thought hay fever was a neurosis, why it took so long for the WHO and CDC to acknowledge COVID-19 was airborne, whether ultraviolet lamps can save us from the next pandemic, how effective masking is, the best theory on the anthrax mailings, how the U.S. military stunted aerobiology, the chance of extraterrestrial life in our solar system, what Lee Cronin’s “assembly theory” could mean for defining life itself, the use of genetic information to inform decision-making, the strangeness of the Flynn effect, what Carl learned about politics from growing up as the son of a New Jersey congressman, and much more.